was obtained from all participants. As the PRS were derived from a sample of Europeans, only individuals identified as part of the European American subsample of COGA, determined using genomic data, were included in the analyses reported here (N = 7,645). To avoid confounding by individuals at high genetic risk who elected not to drink due to personal (e.g., religious, cultural, health) reasons, we also excluded individuals reporting no lifetime use of alcohol (N = 336). We also excluded those aged 12–19 (N = 578) as they may not be past the period of maximal risk for onset of alcohol use and problems, yielding a final analysis N = 6,731.
