The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction and its potential therapeutic value.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Diana, Marco
- Year
- 2011
- Journal
- Frontiers in psychiatry
- PMID
- 22144966
- DOI
- 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00064
- PMCID
- PMC3225760
Dopamine (DA) transmission is deeply affected by drugs of abuse, and alterations in DA function are involved in the various phases of drug addiction and potentially exploitable therapeutically. In particular, basic studies have documented a reduction in the electrophysiological activity of DA neurons in alcohol, opiate, cannabinoid, and other drug-dependent rats. Further, DA release in the Nucleus accumbens (Nacc) is decreased in virtually all drug-dependent rodents. In parallel, these studies are supported by increments in intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) thresholds during withdrawal from alcohol, nicotine, opiates, and other drugs of abuse, thereby suggesting a hypofunction of the neural substrate of ICSS. Accordingly, morphological evaluations fed into realistic computational analysis of the medium spiny neuron of the Nacc, post-synaptic counterpart of DA terminals, show profound changes in structure and function of the entire mesolimbic system. In line with these findings, human imaging studies have shown a reduction of dopamine receptors accompanied by a lesser release of endogenous DA in the ventral striatum of cocaine, heroin, and alcohol-dependent subjects, thereby offering visual proof of the "dopamine-impoverished" addicted human brain. The lasting reduction in physiological activity of the DA system leads to the idea that an increment in its activity, to restore pre-drug levels, may yield significant clinical improvements (reduction of craving, relapse, and drug-seeking/taking). In theory, it may be achieved pharmacologically and/or with novel interventions such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Its anatomo-physiological rationale as a possible therapeutic aid in alcoholics and other addicts will be described and proposed as a theoretical framework to be subjected to experimental testing in human addicts.
Confocal reconstruction of Golgi-stained pyramidal neurons from DLPfcx obtained by a projection of 55 scans for a depth of 27.5 μm in the z-axis. DLPfxc may represent a useful target for rTMS stimulation.
The scheme illustrates the proposed circuit to be activated by the TMS stimulus (green) which, by activating the pyramidal neuron (yellow) with its neurotransmitter glutamate, would excite: (1) DA-containing neurons of the VTA (red) and (2) MSN of the Nacc (blue).
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Genetic influences on craving for alcohol. | 2013 | 22481050 |
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abnormal ventromedial-to-dorsolateral hierarchical topography of striatal circuits in cocaine use disorder and its modulations by brain stimulation. | Zhang R et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Beyond the Surface: Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Efficacy in Reducing Craving in Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | Del Mauro L et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Decoding the Structure-Activity Relationship of the Dopamine D3 Receptor-Selective Ligands Using Machine and Deep Learning Approaches. | Won SJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Dopaminergic Homeostatic Therapy (DHT<sup>™</sup>) as a Putative Anti-Addiction Seeking Intervention and Early Identification of Genetic Preaddiction with Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS<sup>®</sup>) Screening. | Lewandrowski KU et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| High-frequency rTMS as a first-line treatment for gambling disorder - A case report. | Concerto C et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Methylphenidate as a Novel Adjunct in Opioid-Taking Patients: Insights into Dopaminergic Neuroadaptation and Hypoactive Delirium. | Świderski N et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Novel neurotherapeutic targets for substance use disorders: Neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, gasotransmitters and non-canonical organ systems. | Sharma P et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Ontogeny of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Expression in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Effects of Methamphetamine Exposure. | Carrica LK et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Partial Dopamine D2/3 Agonists and Dual Disorders: A Retrospective-Cohort Study in a Real-World Clinical Setting on Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Cannabis Use Disorder. | Trovini G et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Physical Therapy for Addiction. | Xiao LJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Prognostic factors of a multidisciplinary rtms-based treatment for cocaine use disorder: A large cohort study. | Gómez Pérez LJ et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| Theoretical Frameworks and Mechanistic Aspects of Alcohol Addiction: Alcohol Addiction as a Reward Deficit/Stress Surfeit Disorder. | Koob GF et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The potential of non-psychedelic 5-HT2A agents in the treatment of substance use disorders: a narrative review of the clinical literature. | Pulido-Saavedra A et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| The role of the prefrontal cortex in cocaine-induced noradrenaline release in the nucleus accumbens: a computational study. | Carli S et al. | — | 2025 | → |
| A randomized controlled trial on the effect of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on depression, anxiety, and craving in addicted male patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. | Ravari HB et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Birth, cognitive and behavioral effects of intrauterine cannabis exposure in infants and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Sorkhou M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Converging Evidence for Frontopolar Cortex as a Target for Neuromodulation in Addiction Treatment. | Soleimani G et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Dopamine and temporal discounting: revisiting pharmacology and individual differences | Smith E et al. | — | 2024 | — |
| Exercise Influences the Brain's Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure in Male Rats. | Powell A et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Natural Product-Inspired Dopamine Receptor Ligands. | Dorogan M et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Negative Urgency Linked to Craving and Substance Use Among Adults on Buprenorphine or Methadone. | Gonçalves SF et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Problematic coffee use and associated factors among medical and health science students in Dilla University, Ethiopia. | Kassaw C et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| The antisaccadic paradigm: A complementary neuropsychological tool in basal ganglia disorders. | Hapakova L et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Accelerated high frequency rTMS induces time-dependent dopaminergic alterations: a DaTSCAN brain imaging study in healthy beagle dogs. | Xu Y et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Blockade of the Dopamine D<sub>3</sub> Receptor Attenuates Opioids-Induced Addictive Behaviours Associated with Inhibiting the Mesolimbic Dopamine System. | Hu RR et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Catecholamine Variations in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders and Their Neuropsychiatric Expression. | Matiș L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Chronic Voluntary Morphine Intake Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structures Involved in Drug Dependence in a Rat Model of Polydrug Use. | Quintanilla ME et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Commentary: Effects of acid-sensing ion channel-1A (ASIC1A) on cocaine-induced synaptic adaptations. | Bader A et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Current State of Modeling Human Psychiatric Disorders Using Zebrafish. | Costa FV et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Dead rats, dopamine, performance metrics, and peacock tails: Proxy failure is an inherent risk in goal-oriented systems. | John YJ et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| D<sub>2/3</sub> Agonist during Learning Potentiates Cued Risky Choice. | Mortazavi L et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Exploration of cannabis use and polygenic risk scores on the psychotic symptom progression of a FEP cohort. | Segura AG et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Oral and fecal microbiota perturbance in cocaine users: Can rTMS-induced cocaine abstinence support eubiosis restoration? | Gerace E et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation boosts response vigour during reinforcement learning in healthy adults. | Biernacki K et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Tool to Promote Smoking Cessation and Decrease Drug and Alcohol Use. | Harmelech T et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review. | Concerto C et al. | — | 2023 | → |
| A mathematical model of reward-mediated learning in drug addiction. | Chou T et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Aquaporin-4 deletion attenuates opioid-induced addictive behaviours associated with dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens. | Lv Y et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Endosomal recycling and dopamine neurotransmission: Exploring the links between the retromer and Parkinson's disease. | Gock N et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Medium Spiny Neuron-like Cells Exhibit Gene Desensitization. | Tam RW et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Internet gaming disorder and its correlates among university students, Saudi Arabia. | Alsunni AA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Prefrontal cortical response to natural rewards and self-reported anhedonia are associated with greater craving among recently withdrawn patients in residential treatment for opioid use disorder. | Petrie DJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) as a Promising Treatment for Craving in Stimulant Drugs and Behavioral Addiction: A Meta-Analysis. | Gay A et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Role of maintenance treatment on long-term efficacy of bilateral iTBS of the prefrontal cortex in treatment-seeking cocaine addicts: A retrospective analysis. | Sanna A et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks. | Reith MEA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The effect of mitragynine on extracellular activity of brain dopamine and its metabolites. | Yusoff NHM et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens as Circadian Oscillators: Implications for Drug Abuse and Substance Use Disorders. | Becker-Krail DD et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| 16p11.2 deletion is associated with hyperactivation of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron networks and is rescued by RHOA inhibition in vitro. | Sundberg M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled study of left prefrontal cortex 15 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in cocaine consumption and craving. | Lolli F et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| A transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol for decreasing the craving of methamphetamine-dependent patients. | Chen T et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Decoding the Role of Gut-Microbiome in the Food Addiction Paradigm. | Novelle MG | — | 2021 | → |
| Dopamine Circuit Mechanisms of Addiction-Like Behaviors. | Poisson CL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development. | Koob GF | — | 2021 | → |
| Efficacy of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on addiction-related inhibitory control and craving: a randomized trial in males with Internet gaming disorder. | Wu LL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Influence of dopamine-related genes on craving, impulsivity, and aggressiveness in Korean males with alcohol use disorder. | Park CI et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Linking Ethanol-Addictive Behaviors With Brain Catecholamines: Release Pattern Matters. | Grinevich VP et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Modafinil and its structural analogs as atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors and potential medications for psychostimulant use disorder. | Tanda G et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Non-selective orexin-receptor antagonist attenuates stress-re-stress-induced core PTSD-like symptoms in rats: Behavioural and neurochemical analyses. | Prajapati SK et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Psychostimulant Use Disorder, an Unmet Therapeutic Goal: Can Modafinil Narrow the Gap? | Hersey M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Real time monitoring of dopamine release evoked by mitragynine (Kratom): An insight through electrochemical sensor. | Effendy MA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Roles of dopamine and glutamate co-release in the nucleus accumbens in mediating the actions of drugs of abuse. | Buck SA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The effect of the mGlu8 receptor agonist, (S)-3,4-DCPG on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in male rats. | Kahvandi N et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving in not motivated to quit smokers: A randomized, sham-controlled study. | Perri RL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A review about its efficacy in the treatment of alcohol, tobacco and cocaine addiction. | Antonelli M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Acute and chronic bupropion treatment does not prevent morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice. | McKendrick G et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| A Light in the Darkness: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat the Hedonic Dysregulation of Addiction. | Pettorruso M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| ASF (a Compound of Traditional Chinese Medicine) in the treatment of patients with alcohol dependence: Study protocol of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | Liang X et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Conventional and Novel Pharmacological Approaches to Treat Dopamine-Related Disorders: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia. | Perez de la Mora M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review. | Pettorruso M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Neural bases for attenuation of morphine withdrawal by Heantos-4: role of l-tetrahydropalmatine. | Ahn S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Neurobiology of Opioid Addiction: Opponent Process, Hyperkatifeia, and Negative Reinforcement. | Koob GF | — | 2020 | → |
| Nicotine increases alcohol self-administration in male rats via a μ-opioid mechanism within the mesolimbic pathway. | Domi E et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Non-invasive brain stimulation modalities for the treatment and prevention of opioid use disorder: a systematic review of the literature. | Young JR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| rTMS-Induced Changes in Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Systems: Relevance to Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use Disorders. | Moretti J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Sex and the dopaminergic system: Insights from addiction studies. | Woodcock EA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Emerging Role of LHb CaMKII in the Comorbidity of Depressive and Alcohol Use Disorders. | Shor C et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Characterizing the binding of dopamine D1-D2 receptors in vitro and in temporal and frontal lobe tissue total protein. | Heyl DL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Dopamine and opioid systems adaptation in alcoholism revisited: Convergent evidence from positron emission tomography and postmortem studies. | Hansson AC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Effects of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Stimulant Craving in Users of Cocaine, Amphetamine, or Methamphetamine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. | Ma T et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Epigenetics and addiction. | Hamilton PJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating. | Adams RC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation of the Prefrontal Cortex in Cocaine Use Disorder: A Pilot Study. | Sanna A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Opioid and nondopamine reward circuitry and state-dependent mechanisms. | Fujita M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Re-wiring the alcoholic human brain. | Diana M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Selective allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorders. | Teal LB et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation compared to standard bupropion for the treatment of tobacco dependence: A randomized sham-controlled trial. | Ghorbani Behnam S et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The role of stress in drug addiction. An integrative review. | Ruisoto P et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead. | Ekhtiari H et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| An association between latent toxoplasmosis and substance abuse: an Egyptian Center Study. | Elmorsy E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| A Review of the Potential Mechanisms of Action of Baclofen in Alcohol Use Disorder. | de Beaurepaire R | — | 2018 | → |
| Component Model of Addiction Treatment: A Pragmatic Transdiagnostic Treatment Model of Behavioral and Substance Addictions. | Kim HS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Modulation of Drug Craving in Crystalline-Heroin Users by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. | Sharifi-Fardshad M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Neuromodulation for the treatment of eating disorders and obesity. | Lee DJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| New Treatment Perspectives in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa: The Efficacy of Non-invasive Brain-Directed Treatment. | Costanzo F et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Synaptic Ultrastructure Might Be Involved in HCN<sup>1</sup>-Related BDNF mRNA in Withdrawal-Anxiety After Ethanol Dependence. | Hou L et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Neural Mechanism Underlying Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Creativity. | Gu S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Theta-burst modulation of mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex affects salience coding in the human ventral tegmental area. | Ulrich M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of cocaine addiction: evidence to date. | Bolloni C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients: Effects on Dopamine Transporter Availability and Alcohol Intake. | Addolorato G et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Junk food diet-induced obesity increases D2 receptor autoinhibition in the ventral tegmental area and reduces ethanol drinking. | Cook JB et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Midbrain circuit regulation of individual alcohol drinking behaviors in mice. | Juarez B et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, reduces nicotine craving in humans, with marginal effects on abuse potential. | Jones JD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Rehabilitating the addicted brain with transcranial magnetic stimulation. | Diana M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Single-Session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Temporarily Improves Symptoms, Mood, and Self-Regulatory Control in Bulimia Nervosa: A Randomised Controlled Trial. | Kekic M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines - root or result of behavior? | Gipson CD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference increases the dendritic complexity of nucleus accumbens core neurons. | Kobrin KL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Add-on high frequency deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to bilateral prefrontal cortex reduces cocaine craving in patients with cocaine use disorder. | Rapinesi C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Bilateral Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Prefrontal Cortex Reduces Cocaine Intake: A Pilot Study. | Bolloni C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Convergent evidence from alcohol-dependent humans and rats for a hyperdopaminergic state in protracted abstinence. | Hirth N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Drug addiction: An affective-cognitive disorder in need of a cure. | Fattore L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effects of DA-Phen, a dopamine-aminoacidic conjugate, on alcohol intake and forced abstinence. | Sutera FM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Genetic Variation in the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1 (VMAT1/SLC18A1) Gene and Alcohol Withdrawal Severity. | Dutta N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Morphofunctional alterations in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in acute and prolonged opiates withdrawal. A computational perspective. | Enrico P et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Motivational Processes Underlying Substance Abuse Disorder. | Meyer PJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Neuromodulation, Emotional Feelings and Affective Disorders. | Wang F et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. | Rachid F | — | 2016 | → |
| Psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale state version in an opioid-dependent sample. | Garfield JB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| S-Glutathionylation and Redox Protein Signaling in Drug Addiction. | Womersley JS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The monoamine stabilizer (-)-OSU6162 counteracts downregulated dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens of long-term drinking Wistar rats. | Feltmann K et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The motor way: Clinical implications of understanding and shaping actions with the motor system in autism and drug addiction. | Casartelli L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Cocaine exposure alters dopaminergic modulation of prefronto-accumbens transmission. | Wang X et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| COMT Associations with Disordered Gambling and Drinking Measures. | Guillot CR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Guanfacine enhances inhibitory control and attentional shifting in early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. | Fox H et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene cluster and the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of adults with ADHD. | Mota NR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Optimal inference with suboptimal models: addiction and active Bayesian inference. | Schwartenbeck P et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| R-modafinil attenuates nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats. | Wang XF et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The Dopaminergic Midbrain Encodes the Expected Certainty about Desired Outcomes. | Schwartenbeck P et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The Molecular Neurobiology of Twelve Steps Program & Fellowship: Connecting the Dots for Recovery. | Blum K et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Allostasis as a conceptual framework linking bipolar disorder and addiction. | Pettorruso M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Drug abuse relapse rates linked to level of education: can we repair hypodopaminergic-induced cognitive decline with nutrient therapy? | Blum K et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effect of Acetaldehyde Intoxication and Withdrawal on NPY Expression: Focus on Endocannabinoidergic System Involvement. | Plescia F et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Hampered long-term depression and thin spine loss in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-dependent rats. | Spiga S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Involvement of dopamine D2 receptors in addictive-like behaviour for acetaldehyde. | Brancato A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Modest long-term ethanol consumption affects expression of neurotransmitter receptor genes in the rat nucleus accumbens. | Jonsson S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol withdrawal. | Becker HC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Nicotine-induced increase of dopaminergic mesoaccumbal neuron activity is prevented by acute restraint stress. In vivo electrophysiology in rats. | Panin F et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Noradrenaline-induced release of newly-synthesized accumbal dopamine: differential role of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. | Meyer F et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Smoking cessation induced by deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal and insular cortices: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. | Dinur-Klein L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Stress and alcohol interactions: animal studies and clinical significance. | Spanagel R et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The "addicted" spine. | Spiga S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The future potential for cocaine vaccines. | Orson FM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The role of guanfacine as a therapeutic agent to address stress-related pathophysiology in cocaine-dependent individuals. | Fox H et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The Use of Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence. | Alba-Ferrara LM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for modulating craving and addictive behaviours: a critical literature review of efficacy, technical and methodological considerations. | Grall-Bronnec M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of substance addiction. | Gorelick DA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists on cognition in rhesus monkeys with a chronic cocaine self-administration history. | Gould RW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic influences on craving for alcohol. | Agrawal A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Increased sensorimotor gating in recreational and dependent cocaine users is modulated by craving and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. | Preller KH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex transiently increases cue-induced craving for methamphetamine: a preliminary study. | Li X et al. | — | 2013 | → |
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| Withdrawal from Buprenorphine/Naloxone and Maintenance with a Natural Dopaminergic Agonist: A Cautionary Note. | Blum K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
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