Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Green, Alexander R; Carney, Dana R; Pallin, Daniel J; Ngo, Long H; Raymond, Kristal L; Iezzoni, Lisa I; Banaji, Mahzarin R
- Year
- 2007
- Journal
- Journal of general internal medicine
- PMID
- 17594129
- DOI
- 10.1007/s11606-007-0258-5
- PMCID
- PMC2219763
CONTEXT: Studies documenting racial/ethnic disparities in health care frequently implicate physicians' unconscious biases. No study to date has measured physicians' unconscious racial bias to test whether this predicts physicians' clinical decisions. OBJECTIVE: To test whether physicians show implicit race bias and whether the magnitude of such bias predicts thrombolysis recommendations for black and white patients with acute coronary syndromes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: An internet-based tool comprising a clinical vignette of a patient presenting to the emergency department with an acute coronary syndrome, followed by a questionnaire and three Implicit Association Tests (IATs). Study invitations were e-mailed to all internal medicine and emergency medicine residents at four academic medical centers in Atlanta and Boston; 287 completed the study, met inclusion criteria, and were randomized to either a black or white vignette patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: IAT scores (normal continuous variable) measuring physicians' implicit race preference and perceptions of cooperativeness. Physicians' attribution of symptoms to coronary artery disease for vignette patients with randomly assigned race, and their decisions about thrombolysis. Assessment of physicians' explicit racial biases by questionnaire. RESULTS: Physicians reported no explicit preference for white versus black patients or differences in perceived cooperativeness. In contrast, IATs revealed implicit preference favoring white Americans (mean IAT score = 0.36, P < .001, one-sample t test) and implicit stereotypes of black Americans as less cooperative with medical procedures (mean IAT score 0.22, P < .001), and less cooperative generally (mean IAT score 0.30, P < .001). As physicians' prowhite implicit bias increased, so did their likelihood of treating white patients and not treating black patients with thrombolysis (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first evidence of unconscious (implicit) race bias among physicians, its dissociation from conscious (explicit) bias, and its predictive validity. Results suggest that physicians' unconscious biases may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in use of medical procedures such as thrombolysis for myocardial infarction.
Implicit Association Test (IAT) sample screens and stimuli. This figure displays sample screens and stimuli from the race preference (black-white/good-bad) IAT. Sample screens a, b, c, and d represent examples of pairing tasks that participants rapidly complete. Pictures of black or white individuals and words representing good or bad evaluative attributes are flashed in the center of the screen, and subjects quickly classify these as to whether they belong with category pairs shown in the upper left or the upper right of their screens using the e or i key on their computer keyboard. Numerous pictures and words are flashed onscreen for each of the two possible pairings, with responses usually taking less than a second and the order counterbalanced across participants. The speed to associate black+bad and white+good (screens a and b) relative to the opposite pairing of black+good and white+bad (screens c and d) constitutes the IAT score, interpreted to be a measure of implicit race preference
Magnitude of physicians’ explicit (self-reported) and implicit (Implicit Association Test) race bias on a standardized scale—Cohen’s effect size d
Relationship between physician race preference Implicit Association Test (IAT) score and thrombolysis decisions by patient race. *P < .05, **P = .05–0.11, B values are standardized regression coefficients that describe the magnitude of each relationship that the regression lines represent. IAT bias is a continuous variable represented on the polar ends of the x-axis as low antiblack IAT and high antiblack IAT. Treatment recommendation of thrombolysis is represented on the y-axis and is a dichotomous variable for which 0 means “would not give thrombolysis” and 1 means “would give thrombolysis.” Subpanels A–D represent race preference, general cooperativeness, medical cooperativeness, and the composite IAT measures, respectively
Relation between physicians’ awareness of the study’s purpose and Implicit Association Test (IAT) bias on recommendation for thrombolysis (black patients only). B values are standardized regression coefficients that describe the magnitude of each relationship that the regression lines represent (P = .001). IAT bias is a continuous variable represented on the polar ends of the x-axis as low antiblack IAT and high antiblack IAT. Treatment recommendation of thrombolysis is represented on the y-axis and is a dichotomous variable for which 1 means “no recommendation” was given and 2 means a “recommendation” was given
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| Individuating multiple (not one) persons reduces implicit racial bias. | Qian M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
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| Patient activation reduces effects of implicit bias on doctor-patient interactions. | Gainsburg I et al. | — | 2022 | → |
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| Race and Ethnicity Differences in Disease Severity and Visual Field Progression Among Glaucoma Patients. | Halawa OA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Race, racism, and antiracism in emergency medicine: A scoping review of the literature and research agenda for the future. | Darby A et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Nationally Representative Sample. | Srivastava G et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial Discrimination and Race-Based Biases on Orthopedic-Related Outcomes: An Integrative Review. | Bond J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Care in Women. | Brown RM et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial Disparities in Invasive Management for Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction With Chronic Kidney Disease. | Rymer JA et al. | — | 2022 | → |
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| Racial/Ethnic Differences in Pediatric Emergency Department Wait Times. | Johnson TJ et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racial/ethnic health disparities in dermatology in the United States, part 1: Overview of contributing factors and management strategies. | Hooper J et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racially Conscious Cancer Screening Guidelines: A Path Towards Culturally Competent Science. | Perez NP et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Racism and Quality of Neonatal Intensive Care: Voices of Black Mothers. | Witt RE et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Say what you mean, mean what you say: The importance of language in the treatment of obesity. | Fearon N et al. | — | 2022 | → |
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| The global survival rate of graft and patient in kidney transplantation of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | Ghelichi-Ghojogh M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Healthcare Experiences of African Americans with a Dual Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and a Nutrition-Related Chronic Disease: A Pilot Study. | Mahadevan M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Intersection of Race, Racism, and Child and Adolescent Health. | Jindal M et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The neurobiology of social stress resulting from Racism: Implications for pain disparities among racialized minorities. | Hobson JM et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The Role of Social Biases, Race, and Condom Use in Willingness to Prescribe HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to MSM: An Experimental, Vignette-Based Study. | Bunting SR et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| The role of stereotypical information on medical judgements for black and white patients. | Madeira F et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| "They Wanted to Talk to a 'Real Doctor'": Predictors, Perpetrators, and Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Healthcare Workers. | Hennein R et al. | — | 2022 | → |
| Understanding parental vaccine refusal: Implicit and explicit associations about vaccines as potential building blocks of vaccine beliefs and behavior. | Howell JL et al. | — | 2022 | → |
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| Addressing implicit bias in the surgical residency application and interview process for underrepresented minorities. | Phillips MR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Advocacy Considerations for the Pediatric Pulmonologist in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. | Rao DR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Assessment of Racial Disparities in Primary Care Physician Specialty Referrals. | Landon BE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Association Between English Proficiency and Timing of Analgesia Administration After Surgery. | Plancarte CA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Associations of Race, Insurance, and Zip Code-Level Income with Nonadherence Diagnoses in Primary and Specialty Diabetes Care. | Beltrán S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Barriers and facilitators to breast reconstruction in ethnic minority women-A systematic review. | Lee RXN et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Broken down by bias: Healthcare biases experienced by BIPOC and LGBTQ+ patients. | Casanova-Perez R et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Cognitive biases, environmental, patient and personal factors associated with critical care decision making: A scoping review. | Beldhuis IE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Coming face to face with implicit bias, microagressions, and macroaggressions: Understanding the influence of structural racism and misogyny on physician wellness. | Richards RD et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| COmmuNity-engaged SimULation Training for Blood Pressure Control (CONSULT-BP): A study protocol. | Tjia J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Defeating Unconscious Bias: The Role of a Structured, Reflective, and Interactive Workshop. | Ogunyemi D | — | 2021 | → |
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| Disparities in acute decompensated heart failure. | Miller T et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Disparities in the Use of Emergency Department Advanced Imaging in Medicare Beneficiaries. | Hanna TN et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Does Patient Race Affect Physical Therapy Treatment Recommendations? | Cavanaugh AM et al. | — | 2021 | → |
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| Evaluation of Transplant Candidates With a History of Nonadherence: An Opinion Piece. | Sandal S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Exploring bias in restraint use: Four strategies to mitigate bias in care of the agitated patient in the emergency department. | Jin RO et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Exploring implicit bias in the perceived consequences of prematurity amongst health care providers in North Queensland - a constructivist grounded theory study. | Ireland S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Feasibility and effectiveness appraisal of a neurology residency health equities curriculum. | Mendizabal A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Gaps in Measuring and Mitigating Implicit Bias in Healthcare. | Arif SA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Health Care Providers' Negative Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes of American Indians. | Zestcott CA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| How Assumptions and Preferences Can Affect Patient Care: An Introduction to Implicit Bias for First-Year Medical Students. | Gonzalez CM et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| How to Incorporate Health Equity Training Into Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fellowships. | Lee-Allen J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Humanizing the ICU Patient: A Qualitative Exploration of Behaviors Experienced by Patients, Caregivers, and ICU Staff. | Basile MJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Improving Health Equity: The Role of the Oncology Advanced Practitioner in Managing Implicit Bias. | Mayden KD | — | 2021 | → |
| Influence of psychosocial and sociodemographic factors in the surgical management of traumatic cervicothoracic spinal cord injury at level I and II trauma centers in the United States. | Hagan MJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Influence of Socioeconomic Bias on Emergency Medicine Resident Decision Making and Patient Care. | Fasano HT et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Interphysician weight bias: A cross-sectional observational survey study to guide implicit bias training in the medical workplace. | McLean ME et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Intersecting vulnerabilities in human biology: Synergistic interactions between climate change and increasing obesity rates. | Gildner TE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Microaggression and Implicit Bias. | Turner J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Navigating Bias on Interview Day: Strategies for Charting an Inclusive and Equitable Course. | Balhara KS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Nurse bias and nursing care disparities related to patient characteristics: A scoping review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence. | Groves PS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Palliative Care in Emergency General Surgery Patients: Reduced Inpatient Mortality And Increased Discharge to Hospice. | Baimas-George M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Persistent racial and ethnic disparities as a potential source of epilepsy surgery underutilization: Analysis of large national datasets from 2006-2016. | Hamade YJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Predictors of medical mistrust among urban youth of color during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Ash MJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Predictors of Nonelective Surgery for Spinal Metastases: Insights from a National Database. | Khan HA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Professionalism: microaggression in the healthcare setting. | Ehie O et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Project Inclusive Genetics: Exploring the impact of patient-centered counseling training on physical disability bias in the prenatal setting. | Vaimberg E et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Race and Ethnicity in Heart Failure: JACC Focus Seminar 8/9. | Piña IL et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Race Based Medicine, Colorblind Disease: How Racism in Medicine Harms Us All. | Yearby R | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial and ethnic differences in perception of provider cultural competence among patients with depression and anxiety symptoms: a retrospective, population-based, cross-sectional analysis. | Eken HN et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial and Insurance Inequalities in Access to Early Pediatric Cochlear Implantation. | Liu X et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial Disparities in Developmental Delay Diagnosis and Services Received in Early Childhood. | Gallegos A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial Disparities in Hospital Mortality Among Pediatric Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis Patients. | Olsen J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial Disparities in In-Hospital Adverse Events Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Implanted With a Watchman Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Device: A US National Perspective. | Khan MZ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial Diversity Among American Cardiologists: Implications for the Past, Present, and Future. | Johnson AE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Osteoarthritis Management. | Reyes AM et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racial Implicit Associations in Psychiatric Diagnosis, Treatment, and Compliance Expectations. | Londono Tobon A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Racism and Cardiology: A Global Call to Action. | Banerjee S et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Regional Implicit Bias Does Not Account for Racial Disparity in Total Joint Arthroplasty Utilization. | Cohen-Levy WB et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Representation Matters: An Assessment of Diversity in Current Major Textbooks on Burn Care. | Shivega WG et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Socioeconomic Disparities in the Utilization of Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy in Patients with Chronic Pain. | Orhurhu V et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Strengthened through Diversity: A Blueprint for Organizational Change. | Willis A et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The Biology and Psychology of Surgical Learning. | Schenarts PJ et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The ethical dilemma of emergency department patients with low-risk chest pain. | Hendley NW et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The Impact of Racial Bias in Patient Care and Medical Education: Let's Focus on the Educator. | Corsino L et al. | — | 2021 | → |
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| The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. | Marini M et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| The use of experimental vignette studies to identify drivers of variations in the delivery of health care: a scoping review. | Sheringham J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| This is our lane: talking with patients about racism. | Diop MS et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Treatment recommendations to parents during pediatric tonsillectomy consultations: A mixed methods analysis of surgeon language. | Links AR et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Understanding disparities in person-centred maternity care: the potential role of provider implicit and explicit bias. | Afulani PA et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Unwittingly biased: A note to gynecologic cancer providers. | Chase DM et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| What can experimental studies of bias tell us about real-world group disparities? | Cesario J | — | 2021 | → |
| What Do Placebo and Nocebo Effects Have to Do With Health Equity? The Hidden Toll of Nocebo Effects on Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients in Clinical Care. | Yetman HE et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Why the Gap in Evaluating the Social Constructs and the Value of Medicines? | McRae J et al. | — | 2021 | → |
| Access to common laparoscopic general surgical procedures: do racial disparities exist? | Wood KL et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Addressing Bias and Reducing Discrimination: The Professional Responsibility of Health Care Providers. | Mateo CM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Addressing Implicit Bias in First-Year Medical Students: a Longitudinal, Multidisciplinary Training Program. | Ruben M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Anti-black Attitudes Are a Threat to Health Equity in the United States. | Milner A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Applied Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparities Research Using Implicit Measures. | Hagiwara N et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Assessment and Treatment Recommendations for Pediatric Pain: The Influence of Patient Race, Patient Gender, and Provider Pain-Related Attitudes. | Miller MM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Association Between Parent Comfort With English and Adverse Events Among Hospitalized Children. | Khan A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Association between patient race and staff resuscitation efforts after cardiac arrest in outpatient dialysis clinics: A study from the CARES surveillance group. | Hofacker SA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Association between race/ethnicity, illness severity, and mortality in children undergoing cardiac surgery. | Tjoeng YL et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Attitudes Toward Implicit Bias and Implicit Bias Training Among Pediatric Residency Program Directors: A National Survey. | Tsai JW et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Barriers to Evidence-Based Treatment of Serious Burns: The Impact of Implicit Bias on Clinician Perceptions of Patient Adherence. | Litchfield I et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Behavioral and social science research to support accelerated and equitable implementation of long-acting preexposure prophylaxis. | Meyers K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Bias and stereotyping among research and clinical professionals: Perspectives on minority recruitment for oncology clinical trials. | Niranjan SJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Blackface, Implicit Bias, and the Informal Curriculum: Shaping the Healthcare Workforce, and Improving Health. | Thomas B et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Black Lives Matter in Science Engineering and Medicine : Cato T. Laurencin, M.D., Ph.D.: Winner of the 2020 Herbert W. Nickens Award of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Acceptance Remarks. | Laurencin CT | — | 2020 | → |
| Building a Tool Kit for Medical and Dental Students: Addressing Microaggressions and Discrimination on the Wards. | Sandoval RS et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Call for papers on racial differences in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular physiology. | Charkoudian N et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Challenges and advice for MD/PhD applicants who are underrepresented in medicine. | Bannerman C et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Chronic Noncancer Pain Management and Systemic Racism: Time to Move Toward Equal Care Standards. | Ghoshal M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Concomitant Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy at Hysterectomy: Differences by Race and Menopausal Status in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 2007-2014. | Bossick AS et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Development and Preliminary Evaluation of IRD-1-2-3: An Animated Video to Inform Transplant Candidates About Increased Risk Donor Kidneys. | Kayler LK et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Disparities in Care and Mortality Among Homeless Adults Hospitalized for Cardiovascular Conditions. | Wadhera RK et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Does Portrayal of Skin Tone in Gender-Affirming Literature Represent Diversity? | Abu-Ghname A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Factors Associated With Participation in Rheumatic Disease-Related Research Among Underrepresented Populations: A Qualitative Systematic Review. | Lima K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Gender and ethnic differences in publication of BMJ letters to the editor: an observational study using machine learning. | Zeina M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Getting "Our House" in Order: Re-Building Academic Pediatrics by Dismantling the Anti-Black Racist Foundation. | Jindal M et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| How Clinicians and Educators Can Mitigate Implicit Bias in Patient Care and Candidate Selection in Medical Education. | Capers Q | — | 2020 | → |
| "<i>We get double slammed!</i>": Healthcare experiences of perceived discrimination among low-income African-American women. | Okoro ON et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Just in TIME: Trauma-Informed Medical Education. | McClinton A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| More Than Words: A Vision to Address Bias and Reduce Discrimination in the Health Professions Learning Environment. | Mateo CM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Notable Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist in Lower Extremity Amputations for Critical Limb Ischemia and Infection. | Traven SA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Differences in Knowledge About One's Dementia Status. | Lin PJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Inpatient Management of Primary Spinal Cord Tumors. | Chiu RG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial Bias and Its Impact on Children and Adolescents. | Johnson TJ | — | 2020 | → |
| Racial Differences in Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Need to Move From Description to Action. | Nanna MG et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Strategies to Mitigate Clinician Implicit Bias Against Sexual and Gender Minority Patients. | McDowell MJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Testing active learning workshops for reducing implicit stereotyping of Hispanics by majority and minority group medical students. | Stone J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Evolution of Social Beliefs 1960-2016 in the United States and Its Influence on Empathy and Prosocial Expression in Medicine. | Baugh RF | — | 2020 | → |
| The Flaw of Medicine: Addressing Racial and Gender Disparities in Critical Care. | Hilton EJ et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Role of Culture/Ethnicity in Communicating with Cancer Patients About Mental Health Distress and Suicidality. | Granek L et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Unique and Interactive Effects of Patient Race, Patient Socioeconomic Status, and Provider Attitudes on Chronic Pain Care Decisions. | Anastas TM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Toward Creating Equity in Awards Received During Medical School: Strategic Changes at One Institution. | Teherani A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Tuberculosis and the Acute Abdomen: An Evaluation of the National Inpatient Sample. | Forrester JD et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Unconscious Bias and the Diagnosis of Disruptive Behavior Disorders and ADHD in African American and Hispanic Youth. | Fadus MC et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Understanding the Complexity of Heart Failure Risk and Treatment in Black Patients. | Nayak A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Veterans' perceptions of racial bias in VA mental healthcare and their impacts on patient engagement and patient-provider communication. | Eliacin J et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Women Veterans' Experiences with Perceived Gender Bias in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Specialty Care. | Mattocks K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Addressing Biases in Patient Care with The 5Rs of Cultural Humility, a Clinician Coaching Tool. | Masters C et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| African Americans are less likely to have elective endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. | Yang Y et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. | Forscher PS et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Analysis of racial differences in hospital stays in the presence of geographic confounding. | Davis ML et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| An exploratory study on microaggressions in medical school: What are they and why should we care? | Espaillat A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| An online experiment to assess bias in professional medical coding. | Torres JM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A Qualitative Study of New York Medical Student Views on Implicit Bias Instruction: Implications for Curriculum Development. | Gonzalez CM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Are You What You Read? Predicting Implicit Attitudes to Immigration Based on Linguistic Distributional Cues From Newspaper Readership; A Pre-registered Study. | Lynott D et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Association of Racial Bias With Burnout Among Resident Physicians. | Dyrbye L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Behind the times: revisiting endometriosis and race. | Bougie O et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Considering Stigma in the Provision of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Reflections from Current Prescribers. | Calabrese SK et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Culturally Competent in Medical Education - European Medical Teachers' Self-Reported Preparedness and Training Needs to Teach Cultural Competence Topics and to Teach a Diverse Class. | Lanting K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Different Lenses for the Same Story: Examining How Implicit Bias Can Lead Us to Different Clinical Decisions for the "Same" Patient. | Shirey TE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Disparities in Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Individuals from Racial and Ethnic Groups and Rural Communities-A Systematic Review. | Castellanos LR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Disparities in Surgical Access: A Systematic Literature Review, Conceptual Model, and Evidence Map. | de Jager E et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Does Race Influence Decision Making for Advanced Heart Failure Therapies? | Breathett K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Do Patients Unconsciously Associate Suggestions for More-invasive Treatment with Better Care? | Kortlever JTP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons. | Salles A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Excluding patients from transplant due to social support: Results from a national survey of transplant providers. | Ladin K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| General Medical Clinicians' Attitudes Toward People with Serious Mental Illness: A Scoping Review. | Stone EM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Genetic Counselors' and Genetic Counseling Students' Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Homosexuality. | Nathan ML et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Implicit Bias Education and Emergency Medicine Training: Step One? Awareness. | Zeidan AJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Implicit bias toward cervical cancer: Provider and training differences. | Liang J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Implicit gender bias among US resident physicians. | Hansen M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Increasing ambulatory treatment of pediatric minor burns-The emerging paradigm for burn care in children. | Sheckter CC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Influence of race and geographic setting on the management of gastric adenocarcinoma. | Ulanja MB et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Meaningful Patient Care Experiences for Minority Graduate School Students. | Campbell KM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Medicaid insurance status predicts postoperative mortality after total knee arthroplasty in state inpatient databases. | Maman SR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Obesity bias among preclinical and clinical chiropractic students and faculty at an integrative health care institution: A cross-sectional study. | Kadar GE et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Open data on industry payments to healthcare providers reveal potential hidden costs to the public. | Mejia J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Organ and tissue donation from poisoned patients in the emergency department: A Canadian emergency physician survey. | Staple L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Partisan Bias and Its Discontents. | Ditto PH et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Patient Representation in Medical Literature: Are We Appropriately Depicting Diversity? | Massie JP et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Pre-clinical medical student reflections on implicit bias: Implications for learning and teaching. | Motzkus C et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in the Medical Record: Implicit Bias or Patient Advocacy? | Fadus MC et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racial Anxiety among Medical Residents: Institutional Implications of Social Accountability. | Bradley LJ et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Grading in Medical School. | Low D et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Racism Is Not a Factor in Door-to-electrocardiogram Times of Patients With Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Prospective, Observational Study. | Mackay MH et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Recent patterns of vagal nerve stimulator use in the United States: Is there a racial disparity? | Fox J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Reducing Implicit Bias: Association of Women Surgeons #HeForShe Task Force Best Practice Recommendations. | DiBrito SR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Selected Abstracts From the Proceedings of the 2017 Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Conference on Medical Student Education. | Liu L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
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| The Complex Association of Race/Ethnicity With Pain Treatment Quality in an Urban Medical Center With 2 Pediatric Emergency Departments. | Kipping EM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Disparity of Care and Outcomes for Medicaid Patients Undergoing Colectomy. | Sastow DL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Impact of Cognitive and Implicit Bias on Patient Safety and Quality. | Balakrishnan K et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Impact of Health Equity Coaching on Patient's Perceptions of Cultural Competency and Communication in a Pediatric Emergency Department: An Intervention Design. | McMichael B et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Interaction of Zinc Oxide/Green Tea Extract Complex Nanoparticles and its Effect on Monosodium Glutamate Toxicity in Liver of Rats. | Al-Salmi FA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Role of the Ethicist in an Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Team. | Mabel H et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Unconscious Bias: Addressing the Hidden Impact on Surgical Education. | Backhus LM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Unconscious Racial Bias May Affect Dentists' Clinical Decisions on Tooth Restorability: A Randomized Clinical Trial. | Patel N et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Understanding and addressing barriers to communication in the context of neonatal neurologic injury: Exploring the ouR-HOPE approach. | Bracken-Roche D et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Addressing Implicit Bias to Improve Cross-cultural Care. | Pereda B et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| Association of Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics With Differences in Use of Outpatient Dermatology Services in the United States. | Tripathi R et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| Culture, cultural competence and the cross-cultural consultation. | Gray B | — | 2018 | → |
| Dialysis facility staff perceptions of racial, gender, and age disparities in access to renal transplantation. | Lipford KJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Discrimination against Obese Exercise Clients: An Experimental Study of Personal Trainers. | Fontana F et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Disparities in access to emergency general surgery care in the United States. | Khubchandani JA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Disparities in Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Modified Framework for Advancing Research Toward Intervention. | Daar DA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| Evidence of Racial and Geographic Disparities in the Use of Medicare Observation Stays and Subsequent Patient Outcomes Relative to Short-Stay Hospitalizations. | Wright B et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Experiences of Discrimination Are Associated With Greater Resting Amygdala Activity and Functional Connectivity. | Clark US et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Exploring Racism and Health: An Intensive Interactive Session for Medical Students. | DallaPiazza M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Exploring the Association of Healthcare Worker Race and Occupation with Implicit and Explicit Racial Bias. | Tajeu GS et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| FACETS of health disparities in epilepsy surgery and gaps that need to be addressed. | Nathan CL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Health System Affiliation and 30-Day Readmission After Heart Attack in Black Men. | Williams JH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| How to Make or Break Implicit Bias Instruction: Implications for Curriculum Development. | Gonzalez CM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Implicit Bias in Patient Care: An Endemic Blight on Quality Care. | Alspach JG | — | 2018 | → |
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| Index coronary angiography use in Manitoba, Canada: a population-level descriptive analysis of First Nations and non-First Nations recipients. | Schultz ASH et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Medical Students' Implicit Bias and the Communication of Norms in Medical Education. | Hernandez R | — | 2018 | → |
| Model minority stereotype and the diagnosis of alcohol use disorders: Implications for practitioners working with Asian Americans. | Cheng AW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Nonverbal synchrony as a behavioural marker of patient and physician race-related attitudes and a predictor of outcomes in oncology interactions: protocol for a secondary analysis of video-recorded cancer treatment discussions. | Hamel LM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Outcomes Following Surgical Management of Cauda Equina Syndrome: Does Race Matter? | Jain A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Patient perspectives on racial and ethnic implicit bias in clinical encounters: Implications for curriculum development. | Gonzalez CM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Perceptions of Factors Associated With Inclusive Work and Learning Environments in Health Care Organizations: A Qualitative Narrative Analysis. | Aysola J et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps. | Dick DM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Progression of care among women who use a midwife for prenatal care: Who remains in midwife care? | Weisband YL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Race Differences in Gastrostomy Tube Placement After Stroke in Majority-White, Minority-Serving, and Racially Integrated US Hospitals. | Faigle R et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Disparities and Bias in the Evaluation and Reporting of Abusive Head Trauma. | Hymel KP et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial disparities in chemotherapy administration for early-stage breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | Green AK et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial/Gender Biases in Student Clinical Decision-Making: a Mixed-Method Study of Medical School Attributes Associated with Lower Incidence of Biases. | Williams RL et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Racial variations in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use following congenital heart surgery. | Chan T et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Representations of race and skin tone in medical textbook imagery. | Louie P et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| SMFM Special Report: Putting the "M" back in MFM: Reducing racial and ethnic disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality: A call to action. | Jain JA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Striving While Accepting: Exploring the Relationship Between Identity and Implicit Bias Recognition and Management. | Sukhera J et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Actual Versus Idealized Self: Exploring Responses to Feedback About Implicit Bias in Health Professionals. | Sukhera J et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature. | Shen MJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| The Ugly Truth About Ourselves and Our Robot Creations: The Problem of Bias and Social Inequity. | Howard A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Travel distance and stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. | Mahal BA et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Trends for Reported Discrimination in Health Care in a National Sample of Older Adults with Chronic Conditions. | Nguyen TT et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| "Why Even Bother; They Are Not Going to Do It?" The Structural Roots of Racism and Discrimination in Lactation Care. | Thomas EV | — | 2018 | → |
| "You Know if You Quit, That's Failure, Right?": Barriers to Professional Lactation Certification. | Thomas EV | — | 2018 | → |
| A deeper look at implicit weight bias in medical students. | Baker TK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Patchier Picture Still: Biases, Beliefs and Overlap on the Inferential Continuum. | Stammers S | — | 2017 | → |
| A role for virtue in unifying the 'knowledge' and 'caring' discourses in nursing theory. | Bliss S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A successful model for longitudinal community-engaged health research: the 2040 Partners for Health Student Program. | Redman RM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Systematic Review of the Impact of Physician Implicit Racial Bias on Clinical Decision Making. | Dehon E et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Beyond Men, Women, or Both: A Comprehensive, LGBTQ-Inclusive, Implicit-Bias-Aware, Standardized-Patient-Based Sexual History Taking Curriculum. | Mayfield JJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Challenges To Reducing Discrimination And Health Inequity Through Existing Civil Rights Laws. | Chandra A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Comparison of Physician Implicit Racial Bias Toward Adults Versus Children. | Johnson TJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Correlates of Resource Empowerment among Parents of Children with Overweight or Obesity. | Lim J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Culture and nonverbal expressions of empathy in clinical settings: A systematic review. | Lorié Á et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Healthcare Providers' Formative Experiences with Race and Black Male Patients in Urban Hospital Environments. | Plaisime MV et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| How Socioeconomic Status Affects Patient Perceptions of Health Care: A Qualitative Study. | Arpey NC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| I care, even after the first impression: Facial appearance-based evaluations in healthcare context. | Mattarozzi K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists. | Daugherty SL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Implicit Racial Bias in Medical School Admissions. | Capers Q et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Individual and System Contributions to Race and Sex Disparities in Thrombolysis Use for Stroke Patients in the United States. | Faigle R et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Medicaid insurance as primary payer predicts increased mortality after total hip replacement in the state inpatient databases of California, Florida and New York. | Xu HF et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Medical School Factors Associated with Changes in Implicit and Explicit Bias Against Gay and Lesbian People among 3492 Graduating Medical Students. | Phelan SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Medical student, nursing student, and non-health care respondents' implicit attitudes toward doctors and patients: Development and a pilot study of a new implicit attitudes test (IAT). | Schwartz A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Model Minority Stereotype: Influence on Perceived Mental Health Needs of Asian Americans. | Cheng AW et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Outcomes of Deceased Donor Kidney Offers to Patients at the Top of the Waiting List. | Huml AM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Partnering around cancer clinical trials (PACCT): study protocol for a randomized trial of a patient and physician communication intervention to increase minority accrual to prostate cancer clinical trials. | Eggly S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Patient and Physician Race and the Allocation of Time and Patient Engagement Efforts to Mental Health Discussions in Primary Care: An Observational Study of Audiorecorded Periodic Health Examinations. | Foo PK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Perceived Discrimination and Privilege in Health Care: The Role of Socioeconomic Status and Race. | Stepanikova I et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Perceptual individuation training (but not mere exposure) reduces implicit racial bias in preschool children. | Qian MK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Perspectives of Orthopedic Surgeons on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Care. | Adelani MA et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Prenatal attitudes toward vaginal delivery and actual delivery mode: Variation by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. | Attanasio LB et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Patient Safety. | Okoroh JS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Variation in Pediatric Cardiac Extracorporeal Life Support Survival. | Chan T et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial disparities in neurologic health care access and utilization in the United States. | Saadi A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial disparities in outcomes of operatively treated lower extremity fractures. | Driesman A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Strategies to reduce disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality: Patient and provider education. | Jain J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Strong, female and Black: Stereotypes of African Caribbean women's body shape and their effects on clinical encounters. | Andrews N et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Study of Individualization and Bias in Nursing Home Fall Prevention Practices. | Colón-Emeric CS et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| "Support Your Client at the Space That They're in": HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Prescribers' Perspectives on PrEP-Related Risk Compensation. | Calabrese SK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The Ethical Imperative and Evidence-Based Strategies to Ensure Equity and Diversity in Radiation Oncology. | Chapman CH et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The impact of race and ethnicity on rates of return to psychotherapy for depression. | Zeber JE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The Impact of Race on Discharge Disposition and Length of Hospitalization After Craniotomy for Brain Tumor. | Muhlestein WE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Through the Veil of Language: Exploring the Hidden Curriculum for the Care of Patients With Limited English Proficiency. | Kenison TC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Underweight vs. overweight/obese: which weight category do we prefer? Dissociation of weight-related preferences at the explicit and implicit level. | Marini M | — | 2017 | → |
| Weekend effect in endovascular stroke treatment: do treatment decisions, procedural times, and outcome depend on time of admission? | Nikoubashman O et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Access to substance use treatment among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically. | Liebling EJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Addressing Disparities in Stroke Prevention for Atrial Fibrillation: Educational Opportunities. | Karcher R et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| African Americans and Hospice Care: A Culture-Centered Exploration of Enrollment Disparities. | Dillon PJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| African Americans Have Better Outcomes for Five Common Gastrointestinal Diagnoses in Hospitals With More Racially Diverse Patients. | Okafor PN et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Are There Disparities in Thrombolytic Treatment and Mortality in Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Hispanic Population Living in Border States versus Nonborder States? | Hassan AE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Avoiding Unintended Bias: Strategies for Providing More Equitable Health Care. | Van Ryn M | — | 2016 | → |
| Crime and Punishment: the Impact of Skin Color and Socioeconomic Status of Defendants and Victims in Jury Trials in Brazil. | da Silva RF et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Development and testing of study tools and methods to examine ethnic bias and clinical decision-making among medical students in New Zealand: The Bias and Decision-Making in Medicine (BDMM) study. | Harris R et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Development of a Conceptual Framework for Understanding Shared Decision making Among African-American LGBT Patients and their Clinicians. | Peek ME et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Difficult Dialogues: Negotiating Faculty Responses to a Gender Bias Literacy Training Program. | Isaac C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Do patients hospitalised in high-minority hospitals experience more diversion and poorer outcomes? A retrospective multivariate analysis of Medicare patients in California. | Shen YC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effectiveness of a multidimensional web-based intervention program to change Brazilian health practitioners' attitudes toward the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender population. | Costa AB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Equitable Imagery in the Preclinical Medical School Curriculum: Findings From One Medical School. | Martin GC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Examining the Presence, Consequences, and Reduction of Implicit Bias in Health Care: A Narrative Review. | Zestcott CA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Health Literacy and Time Spent With a Hand Surgeon. | Menendez ME et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| How Patient Demographics, Imaging, and Beliefs Influence Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Use: A Survey of North American Neurologists. | Shamy MC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Implicit Racial Biases in Preschool Children and Adults From Asia and Africa. | Qian MK et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Macro-level implicit HIV prejudice and the health of community residents with HIV. | Miller CT et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| National trends and determinants of proton therapy use for prostate cancer: A National Cancer Data Base study. | Mahal BA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Our Capacity to Care. | Cunningham BA | — | 2016 | → |
| Perceived moral responsibility for attitude-based discrimination. | Redford L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Performance of the GRACE Risk Score 2.0 Simplified Algorithm for Predicting 1-Year Death After Hospitalization for an Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Contemporary Multiracial Cohort. | Huang W et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Preventing and Experiencing Ischemic Heart Disease as a Woman: State of the Science: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. | McSweeney JC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Race and Sex Differences in Management and Outcomes of Patients After ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarct: Results From the NCDR. | Edmund Anstey D et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Race Matters? Examining and Rethinking Race Portrayal in Preclinical Medical Education. | Tsai J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Health Care. | Fiscella K et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Racial and ethnic minority patients report different weight-related care experiences than non-Hispanic Whites. | Lewis KH et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. | Hoffman KM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Reducing Disparities in Cardiovascular Health: Social Determinants Matter. | Hayman LL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Reducing Prejudice With Labels: Shared Group Memberships Attenuate Implicit Bias and Expand Implicit Group Boundaries. | Scroggins WA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| "Sorry, I'm Not Accepting New Patients": An Audit Study of Access to Mental Health Care. | Kugelmass H | — | 2016 | → |
| The association of insurance status on the probability of transfer for pediatric trauma patients. | Hamilton EC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The effects of racial attitudes on affect and engagement in racially discordant medical interactions between non-Black physicians and Black patients. | Hagiwara N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias. | Johnson TJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Role of Bias by Emergency Department Providers in Care for American Indian Children. | Puumala SE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Variation in advanced imaging for pediatric patients with abdominal pain discharged from the ED. | Horner KB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Variation in type and frequency of diagnostic imaging during trauma care across multiple time points by patient insurance type. | Bell N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Who gets a lung transplant? Assessing the psychosocial decision-making process for transplant listing. | Lewandowski AN et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Worldwide disparities in cardiovascular disease: Challenges and solutions. | Okwuosa IS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Age- and Gender-related Disparities in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Acute ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction. | Pilgrim T et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| All claims in the original article hold as stated: a response to Arkes (2015). | Kubota JT et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Child Health Disparities: What Can a Clinician Do? | Cheng TL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Clinicians' Implicit and Explicit Attitudes about Weight and Race and Treatment Approaches to Overweight for American Indian Children. | Sabin JA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Critical Shortage of African American Medical Oncologists in the United States. | Hamel LM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Development and psychometric assessment of the healthcare provider cultural competence instrument. | Schwarz JL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Disparity in rehabilitation: another inconvenient truth. | Jaffe KM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Do Contact and Empathy Mitigate Bias Against Gay and Lesbian People Among Heterosexual First-Year Medical Students? A Report From the Medical Student CHANGE Study. | Burke SE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Eliminating Health Care Disparities With Mandatory Clinical Decision Support: The Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Example. | Lau BD et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Examining implicit bias of physicians who care for individuals with spinal cord injury: A pilot study and future directions. | Hausmann LR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Explicit and Implicit Attitudes of Canadian Psychiatrists Toward People With Mental Illness. | Dabby L et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic counselors' implicit racial attitudes and their relationship to communication. | Schaa KL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Health Care Providers' Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Lesbian Women and Gay Men. | Sabin JA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Implicit Racial/Ethnic Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Its Influence on Health Care Outcomes: A Systematic Review. | Hall WJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Individuation training with other-race faces reduces preschoolers' implicit racial bias: a link between perceptual and social representation of faces in children. | Xiao WS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Instilling new habits: addressing implicit bias in healthcare professionals. | Byrne A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report. | van Ryn M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Methods of Observing Variations in Physicians' Decisions: The Opportunities of Clinical Vignettes. | Converse L et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Microethics: the ethics of everyday clinical practice. | Truog RD et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Partnering health disparities research with quality improvement science in pediatrics. | Lion KC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Propensity score matching to measure the effect of survey mode on reports of racial and ethnic discrimination in health care. | Kemmick Pintor JB et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Provider communication quality: influence of patients' weight and race. | Wong MS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Race/ethnicity and Americans' experiences with treatment decision making. | Lin MY et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Consistent Reporting of Smoking-Related Behaviors. | Soulakova JN et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Racial, gender, and socioeconomic status bias in senior medical student clinical decision-making: a national survey. | Williams RL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. | Havranek EP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The evidence suggests we should care about social inequalities in health. | Rehkopf DH et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Treatment biases in traumatic neurosurgical care: a retrospective study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2009. | McCutcheon BA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Understanding patients' health and technology attitudes for tailoring self-management interventions. | O'Leary K et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| "We'll Get to You When We Get to You": Exploring Potential Contributions of Health Care Staff Behaviors to Patient Perceptions of Discrimination and Satisfaction. | Tajeu GS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| When a patient's ethnicity is declared, medical students' decision-making processes are affected. | Ewen SC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| African Americans with cancer pain are more likely to receive an analgesic with toxic metabolite despite clinical risks: a mediation analysis study. | Meghani SH et al. | — | 2014 | → |
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| A systematic review of the extent and measurement of healthcare provider racism. | Paradies Y et al. | — | 2014 | → |
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| Implicit and explicit weight bias in a national sample of 4,732 medical students: the medical student CHANGES study. | Phelan SM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Implicit associations have a circadian rhythm. | Zadra JR et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Implicit bias and its relation to health disparities: a teaching program and survey of medical students. | Gonzalez CM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Physicians' knowledge, beliefs, and use of race and human genetic variation: new measures and insights. | Bonham VL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Racial and health insurance disparities of inpatient spine augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral fractures from 2005 to 2010. | Gu CN et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Racial bias in pain perception and response: experimental examination of automatic and deliberate processes. | Mathur VA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Reducing Racial Health Care Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis. | Penner LA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Relationships between discrimination in health care and health care outcomes among four race/ethnic groups. | Benjamins MR et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Systemic racism and U.S. health care. | Feagin J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The critical need to diversify the clinical and academic workforce. | Roberts LW et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The effect of cognitive load and patient race on physicians' decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic low back pain: a randomized trial. | Burgess DJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Using artistic-narrative to stimulate reflection on physician bias. | Ross PT et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| When worlds collide: medicine, business, the Affordable Care Act and the future of health care in the U.S. | Wicks AC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Acceptability of sexual health discussion and testing in the pediatric acute care setting. | Miller MK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A circle of unintended effects: a comment on Persky et al. | Blair IV | — | 2013 | → |
| A social psychological approach to improving the outcomes of racially discordant medical interactions. | Penner LA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Assessment of biases against Latinos and African Americans among primary care providers and community members. | Blair IV et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Can singular examples change implicit attitudes in the real-world? | Roos LE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Centers for cardiovascular outcomes research: defining a collaborative vision. | Cook NL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Clinicians' implicit ethnic/racial bias and perceptions of care among Black and Latino patients. | Blair IV et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Counting the lives lost: how many black trauma deaths are attributable to disparities? | Scott VK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Ethnic disparities trump other risk factors in determining delay to emergency department arrival in acute ischemic stroke. | Siegler JE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Evidence of nonconscious stereotyping of Hispanic patients by nursing and medical students. | Bean MG et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Fostering students' reflection about bias in healthcare: cognitive dissonance and the role of personal and normative standards. | Hernandez RA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness: attitudes in an evidence-based practice. | Stull LG et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Implicit race bias decreases the similarity of neural representations of black and white faces. | Brosch T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Intergroup relations and health disparities: a social psychological perspective. | Major B et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Patterns of care in palliative radiotherapy: a population-based study. | Murphy JD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. | Chapman EN et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Racial attitudes, physician-patient talk time ratio, and adherence in racially discordant medical interactions. | Hagiwara N et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Racial Healthcare Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis. | Penner LA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Reported racial discrimination, trust in physicians, and medication adherence among inner-city African Americans with hypertension. | Cuffee YL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
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| Socioeconomic disparity in inpatient mortality after traumatic injury in adults. | Ali MT et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The price of racial bias: intergroup negotiations in the ultimatum game. | Kubota JT et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Unseen consequences: the uninsured, doctors, and cardiovascular disease. | Havranek EP | — | 2013 | → |
| Using the Science of Psychology to Target Perpetrators of Racism and Race-Based Discrimination For Intervention Efforts: Preventing Another Trayvon Martin Tragedy. | Mays VM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Women's Health: Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities. | Sarto GE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Advancing a national agenda to eliminate disparities in pain care: directions for health policy, education, practice, and research. | Meghani SH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A randomized trial of decision-making in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. | Silver B et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Dehumanization in Medicine: Causes, Solutions, and Functions. | Haque OS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Do poor people sue doctors more frequently? Confronting unconscious bias and the role of cultural competency. | McClellan FM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Elucidating the role of place in health care disparities: the example of racial/ethnic residential segregation. | White K et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Emergency physician estimates of the probability of acute coronary syndrome in a cohort of patients enrolled in a study of coronary computed tomographic angiography. | Lee CP et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Helping medical learners recognise and manage unconscious bias toward certain patient groups. | Teal CR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| HIV providers' perceptions of and attitudes toward female versus male patients. | Blackstock OJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Implicit stereotyping and medical decisions: unconscious stereotype activation in practitioners' thoughts about African Americans. | Moskowitz GB et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Issues to address in burn care for ethnic minority children: a qualitative study of the experiences of health care staff. | Suurmond J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Lessons from the use of vignettes in the study of mental health service disparities. | Lapatin S et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Life-Threatening Disparities: The Treatment of Black and White Cancer Patients. | Penner LA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. | Devine PG et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Neurolaw: Differential brain activity for black and white faces predicts damage awards in hypothetical employment discrimination cases. | Korn HA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Non-verbal communication between primary care physicians and older patients: how does race matter? | Stepanikova I et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Participant observation and change of perspectives: medical anthropology and the encounter with socially marginalised groups. First experiences with a new teaching concept. | Mohr B et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Racial-ethnic biases, time pressure, and medical decisions. | Stepanikova I | — | 2012 | → |
| Racial/ethnic health disparities and ethics -- the need for a multilevel approach. | Brody H et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Racial/ethnic minority access to end-of-life care: a conceptual framework. | Laguna J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective. | Cox WT et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The associations of clinicians' implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. | Cooper LA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma. | Sabin JA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The neuroscience of race. | Kubota JT et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The role of unconscious bias in surgical safety and outcomes. | Santry HP et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Time to take stock: a meta-analysis and systematic review of analgesic treatment disparities for pain in the United States. | Meghani SH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Under the radar: how unexamined biases in decision-making processes in clinical interactions can contribute to health care disparities. | Dovidio JF et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Addressing racial healthcare disparities: how can we shift the focus from patients to providers? | Burgess DJ | — | 2011 | → |
| A qualitative assessment of personal and social responsibility for kidney disease: the Increasing Kidney Disease Awareness Network Transplant Project. | Spigner C et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A randomized trial of the effect of patient race on physicians' intensive care unit and life-sustaining treatment decisions for an acutely unstable elder with end-stage cancer. | Barnato AE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Association of unconscious race and social class bias with vignette-based clinical assessments by medical students. | Haider AH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Better clinical decision making and reducing diagnostic error. | Croskerry P et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Bridging the digital divide in health care: the role of health information technology in addressing racial and ethnic disparities. | López L et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Clinicians' views of an intervention to reduce racial disparities in diabetes outcomes. | Thorlby R et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Coping with perceived racism: a significant factor in the development of obesity in African American women? | Mwendwa DT et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Diversity in emergency medicine education: expanding the horizon. | Bowman SH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Gang members in the ED: what you believe may not be true. | Grewal M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| How well do doctors know their patients? Factors affecting physician understanding of patients' health beliefs. | Street RL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Impact of socioethnic factors on outcomes following traumatic brain injury. | Heffernan DS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Implicit race attitudes predict trustworthiness judgments and economic trust decisions. | Stanley DA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Is primary care providers' trust in socially marginalized patients affected by race? | Moskowitz D et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Is race medically relevant? A qualitative study of physicians' attitudes about the role of race in treatment decision-making. | Snipes SA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Negative health care experiences of immigrant patients: a qualitative study. | Suurmond J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Non-conscious bias in medical decision making: what can be done to reduce it? | Stone J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Patient-provider sex and race/ethnicity concordance: a national study of healthcare and outcomes. | Jerant A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Racial/ethnic differences in receipt of pelvic lymph node dissection among men with localized/regional prostate cancer. | Hayn MH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Self-reported racial discrimination in health care and diabetes outcomes. | Peek ME et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Social media and the health system. | Eytan T et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Tailored interactive multimedia computer programs to reduce health disparities: opportunities and challenges. | Jerant A et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON CLINICIAN COGNITION, BEHAVIOR, AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING. | van Ryn M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Unconscious (implicit) bias and health disparities: where do we go from here? | Blair IV et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Unequal treatment in the US: lessons and recommendations for cancer care internationally. | Betancourt JR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Are providers more likely to contribute to healthcare disparities under high levels of cognitive load? How features of the healthcare setting may lead to biases in medical decision making. | Burgess DJ | — | 2010 | → |
| Aversive Racism and Medical Interactions with Black Patients: A Field Study. | Penner LA et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Can casual use of medical evidence cause harm and erode bioethical values? | Anderson J et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Combining explicit and implicit measures of racial discrimination in health research. | Krieger N et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Community-based teaching about health disparities: combining education, scholarship, and community service. | Cené CW et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Ethnic differences in perceived impairment and need for care. | Chavez LM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Factors associated with decisions to undergo surgery among patients with newly diagnosed early-stage lung cancer. | Cykert S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| How clinicians make (or avoid) moral judgments of patients: implications of the evidence for relationships and research. | Hill TE | — | 2010 | → |
| Incident at a Chinese restaurant. | Coulehan J | — | 2010 | → |
| Leveraging quality improvement to achieve equity in health care. | Green AR et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Perceptions of women's infertility: what do physicians see? | Ceballo R et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Physician cognitive processing as a source of diagnostic and treatment disparities in coronary heart disease: results of a factorial priming experiment. | Lutfey KE et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Race and shared decision-making: perspectives of African-Americans with diabetes. | Peek ME et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Racial and sex differences in emergency department triage assessment and test ordering for chest pain, 1997-2006. | López L et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Racism in healthcare: Its relationship to shared decision-making and health disparities: a response to Bradby. | Peek ME et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Severity of head computed tomography scan findings fail to explain racial differences in mortality following child abuse. | Martin CA et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Stereotype threat and health disparities: what medical educators and future physicians need to know. | Burgess DJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Teaching about health care disparities in the clinical setting. | Glick SB et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The emerging importance and relevance of shared decision making to clinical practice. | Braddock CH | — | 2010 | → |
| The use of vignettes within a Delphi exercise: a useful approach in empirical ethics? | Wainwright P et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Timing of sexual maturation and women's evaluation of men. | Belles S et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| When best intentions aren't enough: helping medical students develop strategies for managing bias about patients. | Teal CR et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| A 41-year-old African American man with poorly controlled hypertension: review of patient and physician factors related to hypertension treatment adherence. | Cooper LA | — | 2009 | → |
| Cultural competency in medical education: demographic differences associated with medical student communication styles and clinical clerkship feedback. | Lee KB et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Cultural competency, race, and skin tone bias among pharmacy, nursing, and medical students: implications for addressing health disparities. | White-Means S et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Culture and epidemiology special issue: towards an integrated study of culture and population health. | Kohrt B et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. | Williams DR et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Disparities in the provision of medical care: an outcome in search of an explanation. | Klonoff EA | — | 2009 | → |
| Disparities in use of computed tomography for patients presenting with headache. | Harris B et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Getting to equal: strategies to understand and eliminate general and orthopaedic healthcare disparities. | Dykes DC et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Ignoring it isn't an option: racial bias in emergency medicine. | Millard WB | — | 2009 | → |
| Implicit bias among physicians. | Dawson NV et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Patient initiation of information: exploring its role during the mental health intake visit. | Nakash O et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Physicians' attitudes toward race, genetics, and clinical medicine. | Bonham VL et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Physicians' implicit and explicit attitudes about race by MD race, ethnicity, and gender. | Sabin J et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of high-volume hospitals. | Gray BH et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The psychosocial effect of thoughts of personal mortality on cardiac risk assessment. | Arndt J et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention in the community: do women and men equally meet trial enrollment criteria? | Daugherty SL et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Who you are and where you live: race and the geography of healthcare. | Chandra A | — | 2009 | → |
| A plan for action: key perspectives from the racial/ethnic disparities strategy forum. | King RK et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Despite overall low pediatric head injury mortality, disparities exist between races. | Falcone RA et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in surgical care. | Ayanian JZ | — | 2008 | → |
| Disparities and distrust: the implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and health care. | Dovidio JF et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Ethnicity and cardiovascular disease prevention: practical clinical considerations. | Jolly K et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Ethnic stereotypes and the underachievement of UK medical students from ethnic minorities: qualitative study. | Woolf K et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Improving care and outcomes of uninsured persons with chronic disease... now. | Chin MH | — | 2008 | → |
| Overcoming racial and ethnic disparities in blood pressure control: a patient-centered approach to cross-cultural communication. | Bloch MJ et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Patient race and physicians' decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic low back pain. | Burgess DJ et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Physician implicit attitudes and stereotypes about race and quality of medical care. | Sabin JA et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Racial and ethnic differences in advance care planning among patients with cancer: impact of terminal illness acknowledgment, religiousness, and treatment preferences. | Smith AK et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Racial/ethnic disparities in liver transplant surgery and hospice use: parallels, differences, and unanswered questions. | Smith AK et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Reducing disparities downstream: prospects and challenges. | Franks P et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Social and ethical implications of genomics, race, ethnicity, and health inequities. | Bonham VL et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| So much to do, so little time: care for the socially disadvantaged and the 15-minute visit. | Fiscella K et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| The AJT Report. News and issues that affect organ and tissue transplantation. | Pondrom S | — | 2008 | → |
| The shape of inequality: racial disparities in age-specific mortality. | Stewart QT | — | 2008 | → |