Brain oscillations in neuropsychiatric disease.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Başar, Erol
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
- PMID
- 24174901
- DOI
- 10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.3/ebasar
- PMCID
- PMC3811101
The term "brain (or neural) oscillations" refers to the rhythmic and/or repetitive electrical activity generated spontaneously and in response to stimuli by neural tissue in the central nervous system. The importance of brain oscillations in sensory-cognitive processes has become increasingly evident. It has also become clear that event-related oscillations are modified in many types of neuropathology, in particular in cognitive impairment. This review discusses methods such as evoked/event-related oscillations and spectra, coherence analysis, and phase locking. It gives examples of applications of essential methods and concepts in bipolar disorder that provide a basis for fundamental notions regarding neurophysiologic biomarkers in cognitive impairment. The take-home message is that in the development of diagnostic and pharmacotherapeutic strategies, neurophysiologic data should be analyzed in a framework that uses a multiplicity of methods and frequency bands.
Eyes closed mean power values for occipital (O) electrodes. Modified from ref 25: Basar E, Güntekin B, Atagün Mi, Turp Gölbasi B, Tülay E, Özerdem A. Brain's alpha activity is highly reduced in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Cogn Neurodyn. 2012;6:11-20. Copyright© Springer 2012
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of three line graphs showing the mean power ($\mu\text{V}^2$) across a frequency range of 7–15 Hz for three occipital electrodes ($\text{O}_1$, $\text{O}_z$, and $\text{O}_2$). In all three plots, healthy subjects (blue line) exhibit a prominent peak in power around 10 Hz, while euthymic patients (red line) show a significantly reduced peak at the same frequency. The x-axis represents frequency in Hertz [Hz] and the y-axis represents power in $\mu\text{V}^2$.
The grand average plots of intertrial phase coherence as grand average of 5 subjects.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of two time-frequency heatmaps (A and B) showing the intertrial phase coherence (ITC) for the F4 electrode across five subjects. The x-axis represents time in milliseconds (-200 to 800 ms) and the y-axis represents frequency in Hz (28 to 47 Hz), with a color scale indicating ITC values from 0.07 to 0.47. Panel A shows the visual evoked potential, while Panel B shows the visual target, with the latter exhibiting more intense red areas indicating higher phase coherence across a broader range of frequencies and time.
Grand average of power spectra of auditory event related responses over left frontal (F3) location in bipolar disorder subjects and healthy controls upon auditory oddball stimulation.
LLM interpretation
This line graph displays the grand average power spectra ($\mu\text{V}^2$) across a frequency range of approximately 1 to 13 Hz for patients with bipolar disorder (red line) and healthy controls (blue line). Both groups show a general trend of decreasing power as frequency increases, with a primary peak occurring around 1-2 Hz. The healthy control group generally exhibits higher power peaks across the 1-8 Hz range compared to the bipolar disorder group.
Mean Z values for sensory evoked (a), and target (b) coherence in response to visual stimuli at all electrode pairs. “*” represents P<0.05. Modified from ref 29: Özerdem A, Güntekin B, Atagün Mi, Turp B, Basar E. Reduced long distance gamma (28-48 Hz) coherence in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:325-332. Copyright © Elsevier 2011
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of two bar charts (A and B) comparing mean Z values for event-related gamma coherence between euthymic bipolar patients (red) and healthy controls (blue) across eight electrode pairs. Chart A shows coherence in response to simple sensory stimuli, with no significant differences indicated. Chart B shows coherence in response to target stimuli, where healthy controls exhibit significantly higher mean Z values than patients at the F3T7, F4T8, F3TP7, and F4TP8 electrode pairs, as indicated by asterisks (* P<0.05).
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Introduction | The term “brain (or neural) oscillations” refers to the rhythmic and/or repetitive electrical… |
| 1 | Introduction | See Box 1 for a glossary of key terms used. |
| 2 | Introduction | Box 1 |
| 3 | Introduction | Comparisons between the results of many types of analyses, in particular those employing sensory… |
| 4 | Introduction | The methods outlined in Table I can be applied stepwise or randomly; some can be omitted, depending… |
| 5 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations | Once it was established that any given brain function presupposes cooperation between multiple… |
| 6 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Single-cell studies | These have been of great importance in elucidating the basic physiologic mechanisms of intercellular… |
| 7 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Positron emission tomography (PET) | PET is a nuclear medicine technique that produces a three-dimensional image of functional processes.… |
| 8 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Electroencephalography (EEG), event-related potentials (ERP), event-related oscillations, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and magnetic evoked fields (MEF) | Strategies incorporating analyses of these investigations are excellent for illuminating brain… |
| 9 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Mathematic and psycho-physiologic strategies | The above are interwoven with the use of the following mathematic and psycho-physiologic strategies: |
| 10 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Mathematic and psycho-physiologic strategies | Progress in functional neuroscience is only achievable using a combination of methods.12 However,… |
| 11 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Suggested steps in the application of oscillatory dynamics | Pointers to the functional significance of brain oscillations emerge from the analysis of responses… |
| 12 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Suggested steps in the application of oscillatory dynamics | The EEG consists of the activity of an ensemble of oscillators generating rhythmic activity in… |
| 13 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Suggested steps in the application of oscillatory dynamics | When the stimulus signal contains a cognitive task the evoked oscillations are considered as ERO.… |
| 14 | Strategic and methodological importance of oscillations — Suggested steps in the application of oscillatory dynamics | Further selective connectivity deficit in sensory or cognitive networks is reflected by coherence… |
| 15 | Ensemble of systems theory methods | Several mathematic methods and systems theory approaches are used to analyze the dynamics of brain… |
| 16 | Ensemble of systems theory methods — Some fundamental remarks — Time-locked and or phase-locked methods | Responses of a specific frequency after stimulation can be identified by computing the… |
| 17 | Ensemble of systems theory methods — Some fundamental remarks — Time-locked and or phase-locked methods | In order to calculate the AFC, ERP are first averaged and then transformed to the frequency domain… |
| 18 | Examples of changes in the electroencephalogram and event-related oscillations — Power spectral analysis of the spontaneous electroencephalogram | Power spectral analysis of spontaneous EEG activity is one of the most successfully applied methods… |
| 19 | Examples of changes in the electroencephalogram and event-related oscillations — Power spectral analysis of the spontaneous electroencephalogram | Event-related spectra in the alpha frequency range are also drastically reduced in BD.25 Only the… |
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