Brain oscillations in neuropsychiatric disease.
- Authors
- Başar, Erol
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
- PMID
- 24174901
- DOI
- 10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.3/ebasar
- PMCID
- PMC3811101
The term "brain (or neural) oscillations" refers to the rhythmic and/or repetitive electrical activity generated spontaneously and in response to stimuli by neural tissue in the central nervous system. The importance of brain oscillations in sensory-cognitive processes has become increasingly evident. It has also become clear that event-related oscillations are modified in many types of neuropathology, in particular in cognitive impairment. This review discusses methods such as evoked/event-related oscillations and spectra, coherence analysis, and phase locking. It gives examples of applications of essential methods and concepts in bipolar disorder that provide a basis for fundamental notions regarding neurophysiologic biomarkers in cognitive impairment. The take-home message is that in the development of diagnostic and pharmacotherapeutic strategies, neurophysiologic data should be analyzed in a framework that uses a multiplicity of methods and frequency bands.
Eyes closed mean power values for occipital (O) electrodes. Modified from ref 25: Basar E, Güntekin B, Atagün Mi, Turp Gölbasi B, Tülay E, Özerdem A. Brain's alpha activity is highly reduced in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Cogn Neurodyn. 2012;6:11-20. Copyright© Springer 2012
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of three line graphs showing the mean power ($\mu\text{V}^2$) across a frequency range of 7–15 Hz for three occipital electrodes ($\text{O}_1$, $\text{O}_z$, and $\text{O}_2$). In all three plots, healthy subjects (blue line) exhibit a prominent peak in power around 10 Hz, while euthymic patients (red line) show a significantly reduced peak at the same frequency. The x-axis represents frequency in Hertz [Hz] and the y-axis represents power in $\mu\text{V}^2$.
The grand average plots of intertrial phase coherence as grand average of 5 subjects.
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of two time-frequency heatmaps (A and B) showing the intertrial phase coherence (ITC) for the F4 electrode across five subjects. The x-axis represents time in milliseconds (-200 to 800 ms) and the y-axis represents frequency in Hz (28 to 47 Hz), with a color scale indicating ITC values from 0.07 to 0.47. Panel A shows the visual evoked potential, while Panel B shows the visual target, with the latter exhibiting more intense red areas indicating higher phase coherence across a broader range of frequencies and time.
Grand average of power spectra of auditory event related responses over left frontal (F3) location in bipolar disorder subjects and healthy controls upon auditory oddball stimulation.
LLM interpretation
This line graph displays the grand average power spectra ($\mu\text{V}^2$) across a frequency range of approximately 1 to 13 Hz for patients with bipolar disorder (red line) and healthy controls (blue line). Both groups show a general trend of decreasing power as frequency increases, with a primary peak occurring around 1-2 Hz. The healthy control group generally exhibits higher power peaks across the 1-8 Hz range compared to the bipolar disorder group.
Mean Z values for sensory evoked (a), and target (b) coherence in response to visual stimuli at all electrode pairs. “*” represents P<0.05. Modified from ref 29: Özerdem A, Güntekin B, Atagün Mi, Turp B, Basar E. Reduced long distance gamma (28-48 Hz) coherence in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:325-332. Copyright © Elsevier 2011
LLM interpretation
This figure consists of two bar charts (A and B) comparing mean Z values for event-related gamma coherence between euthymic bipolar patients (red) and healthy controls (blue) across eight electrode pairs. Chart A shows coherence in response to simple sensory stimuli, with no significant differences indicated. Chart B shows coherence in response to target stimuli, where healthy controls exhibit significantly higher mean Z values than patients at the F3T7, F4T8, F3TP7, and F4TP8 electrode pairs, as indicated by asterisks (* P<0.05).
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 40 | Signal analysis results | 8. Each function is represented in the brain by the superposition of oscillations in various… |
| 41 | Signal analysis results | 9. The superposition principle indicates synergy between alpha, beta, gamma, theta, and delta… |
| 42 | Signal analysis results | 10. Our results strongly support the recommendation to use several methods in multiple frequency… |
| 43 | Conclusions and perspectives | Research scientists in neuropsychiatry tend to be nonselective and non concept-oriented in using… |
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