Distributional assumptions of growth mixture models: implications for overextraction of latent trajectory classes.
- Authors
- Bauer, Daniel J; Curran, Patrick J
- Year
- 2003
- Journal
- Psychological methods
- PMID
- 14596495
- DOI
- 10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.338
Growth mixture models are often used to determine if subgroups exist within the population that follow qualitatively distinct developmental trajectories. However, statistical theory developed for finite normal mixture models suggests that latent trajectory classes can be estimated even in the absence of population heterogeneity if the distribution of the repeated measures is nonnormal. By drawing on this theory, this article demonstrates that multiple trajectory classes can be estimated and appear optimal for nonnormal data even when only 1 group exists in the population. Further, the within-class parameter estimates obtained from these models are largely uninterpretable. Significant predictive relationships may be obscured or spurious relationships identified. The implications of these results for applied research are highlighted, and future directions for quantitative developments are suggested.
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| Can Universal SEL Programs Benefit Universally? Effects of the Positive Action Program on Multiple Trajectories of Social-Emotional and Misconduct Behaviors. | Duncan R et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Cultural Orientation Trajectories and Substance Use: Findings From a Longitudinal Study of Mexican-Origin Youth. | Cruz RA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Distinct Trajectories of Cortisol Response to Prolonged Acute Stress Are Linked to Affective Responses and Hippocampal Gray Matter Volume in Healthy Females. | Admon R et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Longitudinal Conjoint Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use Throughout Emerging Adulthood. | Cance JD et al. | β | 2017 | β |
| Modeling Multi-Agent Self-Organization through the Lens of Higher Order Attractor Dynamics. | Butner JE et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Predictors of Patterns of Alcohol-Related Blackouts Over Time in Youth From the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism: The Roles of Genetics and Cannabis. | Schuckit MA et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Web-Based Health Risk Assessment Participants. | Bedrosian R et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Using Patterns of Genetic Association to Elucidate Shared Genetic Etiologies Across Psychiatric Disorders. | Cho SB et al. | β | 2017 | β |
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| Recommendations for the Design and Analysis of Treatment Trials for Alcohol Use Disorders. | Witkiewitz K et al. | β | 2015 | β |
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| The utility of estimating population-level trajectories of terminal wellbeing decline within a growth mixture modelling framework. | Burns RA et al. | β | 2015 | β |
| Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after major war among Palestinian children: Trauma, family- and child-related predictors. | PunamΓ€ki RL et al. | β | 2015 | β |
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| Application of person-centered analytic methodology in longitudinal research: exemplars from the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial data. | Zaslavsky O et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients: factor mixture models with continuous non-normal distributions. | Ho RT et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Challenges in modelling the random structure correctly in growth mixture models and the impact this has on model mixtures. | Gilthorpe MS et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Childhood internalizing symptoms are negatively associated with early adolescent alcohol use. | Edwards AC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Data-driven course trajectories in primary care patients with major depressive disorder. | Wardenaar KJ et al. | β | 2014 | β |
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| Developmental trajectories of anxious and depressive problems during the transition from childhood to adolescence: personality Γ parenting interactions. | Prinzie P et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Effect Size, Statistical Power and Sample Size Requirements for the Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test in Latent Class Analysis. | Dziak JJ et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Handling Missing Covariates in Conditional Mixture Models Under Missing at Random Assumptions. | Sterba SK | β | 2014 | β |
| Is it necessary to classify developmental trajectories over time? A critical note. | Twisk J | β | 2014 | β |
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| Modeling Change in the Presence of Non-Randomly Missing Data: Evaluating A Shared Parameter Mixture Model. | Gottfredson NC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Patterns and associates of cognitive function, psychosocial wellbeing and health in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. | Zammit AR et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Patterns and predictors of naturally occurring change in depressive symptoms over a 30-month period in multiple sclerosis. | Ensari I et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Sexual risk trajectories among MSM in the United States: implications for pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery. | Pines HA et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Towards an aging-specific cognitive phenotype: the freedom house study. | Royall DR et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Towards the characterization and validation of alcohol use disorder subtypes: integrating consumption and symptom data. | Jackson KM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescent girls: a comparison of parallel trajectory approaches. | Olino TM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Trajectories of internalizing symptoms across childhood: The roles of biological self-regulation and maternal psychopathology. | Shanahan L et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Understanding heterogeneity in adaptation to retirement: a growth mixture modeling approach. | Muratore AM et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Unequal Trajectories: Racial and Class Differences in Residential Exposure to Industrial Hazard. | Pais J et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Using a shared parameter mixture model to estimate change during treatment when termination is related to recovery speed. | Gottfredson NC et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Validating the rapid responder construct within a practice research network. | Nordberg SS et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Variable Assessment in Latent Class Models. | Zhang Q et al. | β | 2014 | β |
| Change in psychological control in visually impaired older adults over 2 years: role of functional ability and depressed mood. | Schilling OK et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Characterizing electrodermal response habituation: a latent class approach with application to psychopathology. | Isen JD et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Codevelopment of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in middle to late childhood: sex, baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity as predictors. | Hinnant JB et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Developmental trajectories of maladaptive perfectionism among African American adolescents. | Herman KC et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Escaping the snare of chronological growth and launching a free curve alternative: general deviance as latent growth model. | Wood PK et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Exposure to maternal pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms: risk for major depression, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorder in adolescent offspring. | Glasheen C et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Finite Mixtures for Simultaneously Modelling Differential Effects and Non-Normal Distributions. | George MR et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Group climate research: where do we go from here? | Kivlighan DM et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Identifying latent trajectories of personality disorder symptom change: growth mixture modeling in the longitudinal study of personality disorders. | Hallquist MN et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Longitudinal relationships between subjective fatigue, cognitive function, and everyday functioning in old age. | Lin F et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Models and Strategies for Factor Mixture Analysis: An Example Concerning the Structure Underlying Psychological Disorders. | Clark SL et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Nondaily smoking patterns in young adulthood. | Klein EG et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Overweight trajectories and psychosocial adjustment among adolescents. | Xie B et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Predictors of latent trajectory classes of physical dating violence victimization. | Brooks-Russell A et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Prospective developmental subtypes of alcohol dependence from age 18 to 32 years: implications for nosology, etiology, and intervention. | Meier MH et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Simpson's paradox in psychological science: a practical guide. | Kievit RA et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Stability of latent classes in group-based trajectory modeling of depressive symptoms in mothers of children with epilepsy: an internal validation study using a bootstrapping procedure. | Ferro MA et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The course of childhood anxiety symptoms: developmental trajectories and child-related factors in normal children. | Broeren S et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The developmental psychopathology of alcohol use and alcohol disorders: research achievements and future directions. | Chassin L et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The impact of emotional disturbances on the arrest trajectories of youth as they transition into young adulthood. | Constantine RJ et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| The longitudinal interplay between negative and positive symptom trajectories in patients under antipsychotic treatment: a post hoc analysis of data from a randomized, 1-year pragmatic trial. | Chen L et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Trajectories of combined laboratory- and real world-based speed of processing in community-dwelling older adults. | Lin F et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Trajectories of loneliness during childhood and adolescence: predictors and health outcomes. | Qualter P et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Trajectories of youthful antisocial behavior: categories or continua? | Walters GD et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Understanding Linkages Among Mixture Models. | Sterba SK | β | 2013 | β |
| Using group-based trajectory modeling to examine heterogeneity of symptom burden in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing aggressive non-surgical therapy. | Shi Q et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| Using regression mixture models with non-normal data: Examining an ordered polytomous approach. | George MR et al. | β | 2013 | β |
| A Bayesian Model For The Estimation Of Latent Interaction And Quadratic Effects When Latent Variables Are Non-Normally Distributed. | Kelava A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Adaptive patterns of stress responsivity: a preliminary investigation. | Del Giudice M et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| A Latent Growth Mixture Modeling Approach to PTSD Symptoms in Rape Victims. | Armour C et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Baseline trajectories of heavy drinking and their effects on postrandomization drinking in the COMBINE Study: empirically derived predictors of drinking outcomes during treatment. | Gueorguieva R et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Classifying developmental trajectories over time should be done with great caution: a comparison between methods. | Twisk J et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Comparative effectiveness of medication versus cognitive-behavioral therapy in a randomized controlled trial of low-income young minority women with depression. | Siddique J et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Concerns related to eating, weight, and shape: typologies and transitions in men during the college years. | Cain AS et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Developmental momentum toward substance dependence: natural histories and pliability of risk factors in youth experiencing chronic stress. | Ridenour TA et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Do low burnout and high work engagement always go hand in hand?: investigation of the energy and identification dimensions in longitudinal data. | MΓ€kikangas A et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Observational Data. | Xie Y et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Middle-aged and older men who have sex with men exhibit multiple trajectories with respect to the number of sexual partners. | Lim SH et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Mixture Factor Analysis for Approximating a Nonnormally Distributed Continuous Latent Factor With Continuous and Dichotomous Observed Variables. | Wall MM et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Multilevel Mixture Factor Models. | Varriale R et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Not quite normal: Consequences of violating the assumption of normality in regression mixture models. | Lee Van Horn M et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Parent-reported Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity symptomatology in preschool-aged children: factor structure, developmental change, and early risk factors. | Willoughby MT et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Poisson Growth Mixture Modeling of Intensive Longitudinal Data: An Application to Smoking Cessation Behavior. | Shiyko MP et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Population heterogeneity in trajectories of midlife blood pressure. | Wills AK et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Profiles of physical, emotional and psychosocial wellbeing in the Lothian birth cohort 1936. | Zammit AR et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| The stability of perceived pubertal timing across adolescence. | Cance JD et al. | β | 2012 | β |
| Alcohol use trajectories and the ubiquitous cat's cradle: cause for concern? | Sher KJ et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Antecedents and consequences of marijuana use trajectories over the life course in an African American population. | Juon HS et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Bayesian estimation of semiparametric nonlinear dynamic factor analysis models using the Dirichlet process prior. | Chow SM et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Beliefs about cancer and diet among those considering genetic testing for colon cancer. | Palmquist AE et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Developmental trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: personal predictors. | Brook JS et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Evidence for a persistent, environment-dependent and deteriorating subtype of subclinical psychotic experiences: a 6-year longitudinal general population study. | Wigman JT et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Growth trajectories of exercise self-efficacy in older adults: influence of measures and initial status. | McAuley E et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Marital conflict, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and allostatic load: interrelations and associations with the development of children's externalizing behavior. | El-Sheikh M et al. | β | 2011 | β |
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| On Inclusion of Covariates for Class Enumeration of Growth Mixture Models. | Li L et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| The developmental impact of two first grade preventive interventions on aggressive/disruptive behavior in childhood and adolescence: an application of latent transition growth mixture modeling. | Petras H et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Trajectories of depression severity in clinical trials of duloxetine: insights into antidepressant and placebo responses. | Gueorguieva R et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| Trajectories of injection drug use over 20 years (1988-2008) in Baltimore, Maryland. | Genberg BL et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| What Your Data Didn't Tell You the First Time Around: Advanced Analytic Approaches to Longitudinal Analyses. | Swartout AG et al. | β | 2011 | β |
| A comparison of methods for estimating change in drinking following alcohol treatment. | Witkiewitz K et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| A parallel process growth mixture model of conduct problems and substance use with risky sexual behavior. | Wu J et al. | β | 2010 | β |
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| Contemporary Modeling of Gene Γ Environment Effects in Randomized Multivariate Longitudinal Studies. | McArdle JJ et al. | β | 2010 | β |
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| Effectiveness of multidimensional family therapy with higher severity substance-abusing adolescents: report from two randomized controlled trials. | Henderson CE et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Examining the differential effectiveness of a life skills program (IPSY) on alcohol use trajectories in early adolescence. | Spaeth M et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Exploring the Latent Structures of Psychological Constructs in Social Development Using the Dimensional-Categorical Spectrum. | Masyn KE et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Finite Normal Mixture SEM Analysis by Fitting Multiple Conventional SEM Models. | Yuan KH et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research. | Nagin DS et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Latent Class Detection and Class Assignment: A Comparison of the MAXEIG Taxometric Procedure and Factor Mixture Modeling Approaches. | Lubke G et al. | β | 2010 | β |
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| Matching method with theory in person-oriented developmental psychopathology research. | Sterba SK et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Matching motivation enhancement treatment to client motivation: re-examining the Project MATCH motivation matching hypothesis. | Witkiewitz K et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Modeling Variability in Individual Development: Differences of degree or kind? | Bauer DJ et al. | β | 2010 | β |
| Nonlinear Structured Growth Mixture Models in M<i>plus</i> and OpenMx. | Grimm KJ et al. | β | 2010 | β |
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