Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: risks of subgroup-specific analyses; power and sample size for the interaction test.
paper
Cited
Public
Unavailable
- Authors
- Brookes, Sara T; Whitely, Elise; Egger, Matthias; Smith, George Davey; Mulheran, Paul A; Peters, Tim J
- Year
- 2004
- Journal
- Journal of clinical epidemiology
- PMID
- 15066682
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009
OBJECTIVE: Despite guidelines recommending the use of formal tests of interaction in subgroup analyses in clinical trials, inappropriate subgroup-specific analyses continue. Moreover, trials designed to detect overall treatment effects have limited power to detect treatment-subgroup interactions. This article quantifies the error rates associated with subgroup analyses. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Simulations quantified the risks of misinterpreting subgroup analyses as evidence of differential subgroup effects and the limited power of the interaction test in trials designed to detect overall treatment effects. RESULTS: Although formal interaction tests performed as expected with respect to false positives, subgroup-specific tests were considerably less reliable: A significant effect in one subgroup only was observed in 7% to 64% of simulations depending on trial characteristics. Regarding power of the interaction test, a trial with 80% power for the overall effect had only 29% power to detect an interaction effect of the same magnitude. For interactions of this size to be detected with the same power as the overall effect, sample sizes should be inflated fourfold, increasing dramatically for interactions smaller than 20% of the overall effect. CONCLUSION: Although it is generally recognized that subgroup analyses can produce spurious results, the extent of the problem may be underestimated.
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| Values of Baseline Posterior Circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early Computed Tomography Score for Treatment Decision of Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion. | Sang H et al. | — | 2021 | → |
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| An Intervention Delivered by Mobile Phone Instant Messaging to Increase Acceptability and Use of Effective Contraception Among Young Women in Bolivia: Randomized Controlled Trial. | McCarthy OL et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Family History Influences the Effectiveness of Home Exercise in Older People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. | Zadro JR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Inherited MC1R variants in patients with melanoma are associated with better survival in women. | Lira FE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Internet-based cognitive rehabilitation for WORking Cancer survivors (i-WORC): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. | Klaver KM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Metformin in Pregnancy Study (MiPS): protocol for a systematic review with individual patient data meta-analysis. | Mousa A et al. | — | 2020 | → |
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| Prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children and adolescents with cancer: a clinical practice guideline. | Freyer DR et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Rabies Vaccination of 6-Week-Old Puppies Born to Immunized Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a High-Mortality Population of Owned, Free-Roaming Dogs. | Arega S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Redevelopment and validation of the SYNTAX score II to individualise decision making between percutaneous and surgical revascularisation in patients with complex coronary artery disease: secondary analysis of the multicentre randomised controlled SYNTAXES trial with external cohort validation. | Takahashi K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Reply: Insufficient Evidence for Interaction Between Haptoglobin Phenotypes and Intensive Glycemic Control on Cardiovascular Outcomes. | Carew AS et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Response to physical rehabilitation and recovery trajectories following critical illness: individual participant data meta-analysis protocol. | Jones JRA et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Rigor and reproducibility for data analysis and design in the behavioral sciences. | Hildebrandt T et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Sample size requirements for detecting treatment effect heterogeneity in cluster randomized trials. | Yang S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Short-Term Effects of an Obesity Prevention Program Among Low-Income Hispanic Families With Preschoolers. | Hughes SO et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Impact of Childhood Maltreatment on Long-Term Outcomes in Disorder-Specific vs. Nonspecific Psychotherapy for Chronic Depression. | Bausch P et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Predictive Approaches to Treatment effect Heterogeneity (PATH) Statement. | Kent DM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| The Predictive Approaches to Treatment effect Heterogeneity (PATH) Statement: Explanation and Elaboration. | Kent DM et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Usual care and a self-management support programme versus usual care and a relaxation programme for people living with chronic headache disorders: a randomised controlled trial protocol (CHESS). | Patel S et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Wild goose chase - no predictable patient subgroups benefit from meniscal surgery: patient-reported outcomes of 641 patients 1 year after surgery. | Pihl K et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Working memory moderates the relation between the brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and psychotherapy outcome for depression. | Bruijniks SJE et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Application of structured statistical analyses to identify a biomarker predictive of enhanced tralokinumab efficacy in phase III clinical trials for severe, uncontrolled asthma. | Gottlow M et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine. | McCarthy OL et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Association Between Weight Loss Before Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation and Posttransplantation Outcomes. | Harhay MN et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Building the skills and confidence of early childhood educators to work with parents: study protocol for the Partnering with Parents cluster randomised controlled trial. | Petrovic Z et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Chronic conditions as predictors of later life disability employment exit: a gendered analysis. | Holman D | — | 2019 | → |
| Efficacy and Safety in the Continued Treatment With a Biosimilar Drug in Patients Receiving Infliximab: A Systematic Review in the Context of Decision-Making From a Latin-American Country. | Mezones-Holguin E et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Energy Conservation Management for People With Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue: Who Benefits? | Blikman LJM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
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| Methods for efficacy evaluations of antibacterial treatments in multiple body-site infection trials. | Huque MF et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Minimizing Drug Adverse Events by Informing About the Nocebo Effect-An Experimental Study. | Pan Y et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Overcoming Challenges in Multisite Trials. | Smith L et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| PACIFIC: shifting tides in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. | Bang A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Practical help for specifying the target difference in sample size calculations for RCTs: the DELTA<sup>2</sup> five-stage study, including a workshop. | Cook JA et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Practitioner Review: Therapeutics of unipolar major depressions in adolescents. | Goodyer IM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Sex-specific roles of cellular inflammation and cardiometabolism in obesity-associated depressive symptomatology. | Kohn JN et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Single pivotal trials with few corroborating characteristics were used for FDA approval of cancer therapies. | Ladanie A et al. | — | 2019 | → |
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| Subgroup identification via homogeneity pursuit for dense longitudinal/spatial data. | Li J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Testing a Model of Universal Prevention Effects on Adolescent Relationships and Marijuana Use as Pathways to Young Adult Outcomes. | Spoth R et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Effect of Patient Characteristics on Acupuncture Treatment Outcomes: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of 20,827 Chronic Pain Patients in Randomized Controlled Trials. | Witt CM et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| The Evolving Case Supporting Individualised Physiotherapy for Low Back Pain. | Ford J et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Time for a Different Approach to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Educate and Create Realistic Expectations. | Zadro JR et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| Unravelling the Effects of the Healthy Primary School of the Future: For Whom and Where Is It Effective? | Bartelink N et al. | — | 2019 | → |
| A randomized controlled trial of an intervention delivered by mobile phone app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan. | McCarthy O et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Association of comorbid personality disorders with clinical characteristics and outcome in a randomized controlled trial comparing two psychotherapies for early-onset persistent depressive disorder. | Erkens N et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| Developing a synthetic psychosocial stress measure and harmonizing CVD-risk data: a way forward to GxE meta- and mega-analyses. | Singh A et al. | — | 2018 | → |
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| Does vitamin D supplementation improve bone density in vitamin D-deficient children? Protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis. | Winzenberg T et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Do guided internet-based interventions result in clinically relevant changes for patients with depression? An individual participant data meta-analysis. | Karyotaki E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. | Gardner CD et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Efficacy and moderators of psychological interventions in treating subclinical symptoms of depression and preventing major depressive disorder onsets: protocol for an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. | Ebert DD et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Evaluation of sex-by-formulation interaction in bioequivalence studies of efavirenz tablets. | González-Rojano E et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Incorporating evidence-based principles in medical training. Sharing experience with McMaster. | Weber SAT et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Is the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Dietary Modification Associated With a Reduced Risk of Pancreatic Cancer? | Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Mortality Benefit of Recombinant Human Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist for Sepsis Varies by Initial Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Plasma Concentration. | Meyer NJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Personalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects. | Kent DM et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Post-traumatic Reactions and Their Predictors among Workers Who Experienced Serious Violent Acts: Are There Sex Differences? | Geoffrion S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Prevention of haematoma progression by tranexamic acid in intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without spot sign on admission scan: a statistical analysis plan of a pre-specified sub-study of the TICH-2 trial. | Ovesen C et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Prognostic and predictive signatures for treatment decisions. | Lee UJ et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Protocol for the REVISIT-BPD Trial, a Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Effectiveness of an Internet-Based Self-Management Intervention in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). | Klein JP et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Reporting of heterogeneity of treatment effect in cohort studies: a review of the literature. | Dahan M et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Severely Burdened Individuals Do Not Need to Be Excluded From Internet-Based and Mobile-Based Stress Management: Effect Modifiers of Treatment Outcomes From Three Randomized Controlled Trials. | Weisel KK et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Sex and Gender Differences Research Design for Basic, Clinical, and Population Studies: Essentials for Investigators. | Rich-Edwards JW et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Simulation-based power calculations for planning a two-stage individual participant data meta-analysis. | Ensor J et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Prior Cardiac Surgery in the Randomized PARTNER 2A Trial. | Chen S et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| Transdiagnostic Tailored Internet- and Mobile-Based Guided Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Anxiety: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. | Weisel KK et al. | — | 2018 | → |
| An Intervention Delivered by App Instant Messaging to Increase Acceptability and Use of Effective Contraception Among Young Women in Bolivia: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. | McCarthy OL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| An intervention delivered by text message to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young women in Palestine: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. | McCarthy OL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| An introduction to multiplicity issues in clinical trials: the what, why, when and how. | Li G et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Antibodies to Signaling Molecules and Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease are Associated with Psychomotor Slowing, Depression, and Poor Visuospatial Function. | Giil LM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A randomised controlled trial of an intervention delivered by app instant messaging to increase the acceptability of effective contraception among young people in Tajikistan: study protocol. | McCarthy O et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Baseline Psychological Treatment Reduces the Effect of Coaching in a Randomised Trial of a Depression Self-Care Intervention. | McCusker J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Benefits of varenicline vs. bupropion for smoking cessation: a Bayesian analysis of the interaction of reward sensitivity and treatment. | Cinciripini PM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Change-Plane Analysis for Subgroup Detection and Sample Size Calculation. | Fan A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Detecting Heterogeneous Treatment Effects to Guide Personalized Blood Pressure Treatment: A Modeling Study of Randomized Clinical Trials. | Basu S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Differential investment in body girths by sex: Evidence from 3D photonic scanning in a Thai cohort. | Shirley MK et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Does recruitment source moderate treatment effectiveness? A subgroup analysis from the EVIDENT study, a randomised controlled trial of an internet intervention for depressive symptoms. | Klein JP et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Does the impact of case management vary in different subgroups of multimorbidity? Secondary analysis of a quasi-experiment. | Stokes J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Equity effects of children's physical activity interventions: a systematic scoping review. | Love RE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Evidence for Treatment-by-Biomarker interaction for FDA-approved Oncology Drugs with Required Pharmacogenomic Biomarker Testing. | Vivot A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. | Ellingsen Ø et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Identifying Subpopulations with Distinct Response to Treatment Using Plasma Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure: Results from the PROTECT Trial : Differential Response in Acute Heart Failure. | Liu LCY et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Identifying Treatment Effect Modifiers in the STarT Back Trial: A Secondary Analysis. | Beneciuk JM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| <i>In Silico</i> Modeling of Immunotherapy and Stroma-Targeting Therapies in Human Colorectal Cancer. | Kather JN et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Impact of eplerenone on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with hypokalaemia. | Rossignol P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Innovative methods for the identification of predictive biomarker signatures in oncology: Application to bevacizumab. | Delmar P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Melancholic and atypical depression as predictor and moderator of outcome in cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression. | Cuijpers P et al. | — | 2017 | → |
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| The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a mindfulness training programme in schools compared with normal school provision (MYRIAD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. | Kuyken W et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Tutorial on statistical considerations on subgroup analysis in confirmatory clinical trials. | Alosh M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Who Benefits Most From Individualized Physiotherapy or Advice for Low Back Disorders? A Preplanned Effect Modifier Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. | Hahne AJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A framework to assess the value of subgroup analyses when the overall treatment effect is significant. | Sun H et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A systematic approach to designing statistically powerful heteroscedastic 2 × 2 factorial studies while minimizing financial costs. | Jan SL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of published randomized clinical trials comparing early versus interval appendectomy for children with perforated appendicitis. | Duggan EM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Best practice for analysis of shared clinical trial data. | Hollis S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Collateral Status on Baseline Computed Tomographic Angiography and Intra-Arterial Treatment Effect in Patients With Proximal Anterior Circulation Stroke. | Berkhemer OA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
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| Detailed statistical analysis plan for a cluster randomised controlled trial of the Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP), a novel school-based intervention to prevent obesity in school children. | Creanor S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Does Internet-based guided-self-help for depression cause harm? An individual participant data meta-analysis on deterioration rates and its moderators in randomized controlled trials. | Ebert DD et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effectiveness of lifestyle intervention in subgroups of obese infertile women: a subgroup analysis of a RCT. | van Oers AM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effectiveness of work-related medical rehabilitation in cancer patients: study protocol of a cluster-randomized multicenter trial. | Wienert J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effectiveness Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Necessity and a Methodological Challenge. | Salleron J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effect of baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score on safety and efficacy of intra-arterial treatment: a subgroup analysis of a randomised phase 3 trial (MR CLEAN). | Yoo AJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| EFFECT OF TOTAL DAILY DOSE ON EFFICACY, DOSING, AND SAFETY OF 2 DOSE TITRATION REGIMENS OF HUMAN REGULAR U500 INSULIN IN SEVERELY INSULIN-RESISTANT PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. | Wysham C et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan in the PARADIGM-HF Trial (Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure) According to Background Therapy. | Okumura N et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Effects of serelaxin in acute heart failure patients with renal impairment: results from RELAX-AHF. | Liu LC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Estimating optimal treatment regimes via subgroup identification in randomized control trials and observational studies. | Fu H et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Examining the Efficacy of HIV Risk-Reduction Counseling on the Sexual Risk Behaviors of a National Sample of Drug Abuse Treatment Clients: Analysis of Subgroups. | Gooden L et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Identifying Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Who Respond Best to Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. | Garcia AN et al. | — | 2016 | → |
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| Neurodynamic treatment did not improve pain and disability at two weeks in patients with chronic nerve-related leg pain: a randomised trial. | Ferreira G et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Personalized Psychotherapy for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review. | Cuijpers P et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Post Hoc Analyses of ApoE Genotype-Defined Subgroups in Clinical Trials. | Kennedy RE et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Risk and treatment effect heterogeneity: re-analysis of individual participant data from 32 large clinical trials. | Kent DM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Subgroup analyses in confirmatory clinical trials: time to be specific about their purposes. | Tanniou J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Subgroup analyses of randomized clinical trials in heart failure: facts and numbers. | Vidic A et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Superior outcomes of kidney transplantation compared with dialysis: An optimal matched analysis of a national population-based cohort study between 2005 and 2008 in Korea. | Yoo KD et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The autosomal genetic control of sexually dimorphic traits in humans is largely the same across the sexes. | Kassam I et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The missing cause approach to unmeasured confounding in pharmacoepidemiology. | Abrahamowicz M et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The OA Trial Bank: meta-analysis of individual patient data from knee and hip osteoarthritis trials show that patients with severe pain exhibit greater benefit from intra-articular glucocorticoids. | van Middelkoop M et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Treatment effect heterogeneity for univariate subgroups in clinical trials: Shrinkage, standardization, or else. | Varadhan R et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Use of heparins in patients with cancer: individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials study protocol. | Schünemann HJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Using group data to treat individuals: understanding heterogeneous treatment effects in the age of precision medicine and patient-centred evidence. | Dahabreh IJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Bayesian methods including nonrandomized study data increased the efficiency of postlaunch RCTs. | Schmidt AF et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Can we predict which patients with patellofemoral pain are more likely to benefit from exercise therapy? A secondary exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial. | Lankhorst NE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS TO CONTROL LEPROSY AND THE PERSPECTIVE OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN BRAZIL: A PRIMER FOR NON-EPIDEMIOLOGISTS. | Cunha SS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Combining intensive practice nurse counselling or brief general practitioner advice with varenicline for smoking cessation in primary care: study protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. | van Rossem C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Comparison of treatment outcomes in patients with and without diabetes mellitus attending a multidisciplinary cardiovascular prevention programme (a retrospective analysis of the EUROACTION trial). | Ofori SN et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Do MRI findings identify patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes who respond best to rest or exercise: a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. | Jensen RK et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in meta-analysis of genetic association studies. | Lin C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Getting on with the rest of your life following stroke: a randomized trial of a complex intervention aimed at enhancing life participation post stroke. | Mayo NE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Identification of drug-induced toxicity biomarkers for treatment determination. | Lu TP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Impact of Clinical Presentation on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Duration: Let's Re-Evaluate Our Priorities. | Costa F et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Intraocular Pressure Changes during Accommodation in Progressing Myopes, Stable Myopes and Emmetropes. | Liu Y et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults. | Caddy C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Low back pain patients in Sweden, Denmark and the UK share similar characteristics and outcomes: a cross-national comparison of prospective cohort studies. | Kongsted A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Markers of Differential Response to Inhaled Corticosteroid Treatment Among Children with Mild Persistent Asthma. | Gerald JK et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Need for gender-specific pre-analytical testing: the dark side of the moon in laboratory testing. | Franconi F et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| OARSI Clinical Trials Recommendations: Key analytic considerations in design, analysis, and reporting of randomized controlled trials in osteoarthritis. | Losina E et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Occupational pesticide exposure in early pregnancy associated with sex-specific neurobehavioral deficits in the children at school age. | Andersen HR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| PROSPER partnership delivery system: Effects on adolescent conduct problem behavior outcomes through 6.5 years past baseline. | Spoth RL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Recommendations for the Design and Analysis of Treatment Trials for Alcohol Use Disorders. | Witkiewitz K et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Regularized outcome weighted subgroup identification for differential treatment effects. | Xu Y et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Response to "calcium supplements increase risk of myocardial infarction". | Lewis JR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Statistical Perspectives on Subgroup Analysis: Testing for Heterogeneity and Evaluating Error Rate for the Complementary Subgroup. | Alosh M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Subgroup Analyses in Reporting of Phase III Clinical Trials in Solid Tumors. | Zhang S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The role of postoperative chemoradiation for oropharynx carcinoma: a critical appraisal of the published literature and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. | Sinha P et al. | — | 2015 | → |
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| Transient detectable viremia and the risk of viral rebound in patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. | Young J et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| A regulatory perspective on essential considerations in design and analysis of subgroups when correctly classified. | Wang SJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Are multiple physical symptoms a poor prognostic factor or just a marker of depression severity? Secondary analysis of the GenPod trial. | Green A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Can 88% of patients with acute lower respiratory infection all be special? | Hay AD et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Comparison of non-directive counselling and cognitive behaviour therapy for patients presenting in general practice with an ICD-10 depressive episode: a randomized control trial. | King M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Do participant, facilitator, or group factors moderate effectiveness of the Body Project? Implications for dissemination. | Butryn ML et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Evidence-based tailoring of behavior-change campaigns: increasing fluoride-free water consumption in rural Ethiopia with persuasion. | Huber AC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Gender as predictor and moderator of outcome in cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: an "individual patient data" meta-analysis. | Cuijpers P et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| How can the scientific community support the generation of the evidence needed to improve the quality of guidelines for micronutrient interventions? | Stoltzfus RJ | — | 2014 | → |
| Infection risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept or adalimumab. | Chiang YC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Letter in response to Picillo et al., in relation to Szewczyk-Krolikowski et al.: the influence of age and gender on motor and non-motor features of early Parkinson's disease: initial findings from the Oxford Parkinson disease Center (OPDC) discovery cohort. | Ben-Shlomo Y et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials. | Ng SS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Moderators of remission with interpersonal counselling or drug treatment in primary care patients with depression: randomised controlled trial. | Menchetti M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Replication RCT of early universal prevention effects on young adult substance misuse. | Spoth R et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Reporting characteristics of meta-analyses in orthodontics: methodological assessment and statistical recommendations. | Papageorgiou SN et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Sono-electro-magnetic therapy for treating chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. | Kessler TM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Subgroup analyses with special reference to the effect of antiplatelet agents in acute coronary syndromes. | Aronson D | — | 2014 | → |
| Treadmill training provides greater benefit to the subgroup of community-dwelling people after stroke who walk faster than 0.4m/s: a randomised trial. | Dean CM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Amiodarone and the risk of cancer: a nationwide population-based study. | Fares WH | — | 2013 | → |
| A pilot randomised control trial of the effectiveness of a biofeedback mouse in reducing self-reported pain among office workers. | King TK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| A systematic review of predictors and moderators of response to psychological therapies in OCD: do we have enough empirical evidence to target treatment? | Knopp J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Characteristics of acupuncture treatment associated with outcome: an individual patient meta-analysis of 17,922 patients with chronic pain in randomised controlled trials. | MacPherson H et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale. | Arnold BF et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Cognitive behavioral therapy age effects in child and adolescent anxiety: an individual patient data metaanalysis. | Bennett K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Differences in interaction and subgroup-specific effects were observed between randomized and nonrandomized studies in three empirical examples. | Schmidt AF et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Does raising type 1 error rate improve power to detect interactions in linear regression models? A simulation study. | Durand CP | — | 2013 | → |
| Do various baseline characteristics of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus predict clinical outcomes in nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review. | Wong AYL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Economic inequalities in the effectiveness of a primary care intervention for depression and suicidal ideation. | Gilman SE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Epidemiology of selenium and type 2 diabetes: can we make sense of it? | Rayman MP et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Evidence of subgroup-specific treatment effect in the absence of an overall effect: is there really a contradiction? | Abrahamowicz M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Extended heart failure clinic follow-up in low-risk patients: a randomized clinical trial (NorthStar). | Schou M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Gender-specific gene-environment interaction in alcohol dependence: the impact of daily life events and GABRA2. | Perry BL et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Impact of misspecifying the distribution of a prognostic factor on power and sample size for testing treatment interactions in clinical trials. | Reichmann WM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Impacts of adverse childhood experiences on health, mental health, and substance use in early adulthood: a cohort study of an urban, minority sample in the U.S. | Mersky JP et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Implications of sex-specific selection for the genetic basis of disease. | Morrow EH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Improving causal inference. | Ebrahim S | — | 2013 | → |
| Individual patient data meta-analysis of trials investigating the effectiveness of intra-articular glucocorticoid injections in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: an OA Trial Bank protocol for a systematic review. | van Middelkoop M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Influence of initial severity of depression on effectiveness of low intensity interventions: meta-analysis of individual patient data. | Bower P et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Influence of pharmacogenomic profiling prior to pharmaceutical treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer on cost effectiveness : a systematic review. | Frank M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Interpretation of subgroup effects in published trials. | Hancock MJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Methodological limitations prevent definitive conclusions on the effects of patients' preferences in randomized clinical trials evaluating musculoskeletal conditions. | Franco MR et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Nurse-led health promotion interventions improve quality of life in frail older home care clients: lessons learned from three randomized trials in Ontario, Canada. | Markle-Reid M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Prognosis of early breast cancer by immunohistochemistry defined intrinsic sub-types in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy in the NEAT/BR9601 trial. | Ali AM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. | Rees K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Serum antibodies to blood group A predict survival on PROSTVAC-VF. | Campbell CT et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Synthesising evidence for equity impacts of population-based physical activity interventions: a pilot study. | Humphreys DK et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The yin and yang of indoor airborne exposures to endotoxin. | Goss CH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Acetyl salicylic acid usage and mortality in critically ill patients with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. | Eisen DP et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of a classification-based system for subacute and chronic low back pain. | Apeldoorn AT et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Beyond a catalogue of differences: a theoretical frame and good practice guidelines for researching sex/gender in human health. | Springer KW et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Clinical prediction rules in the physiotherapy management of low back pain: a systematic review. | Haskins R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Comparing sociodemographic factors associated with disability between immigrants and the Chilean-born: are there different stories to tell? | Cabieses B et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Dealing with heterogeneous populations in randomized wound trials: challenges and potential solutions. | Vollenweider D et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, cognition and behavior in children aged 7-9 years: a randomized, controlled trial (the DOLAB Study). | Richardson AJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behavior about crying and shaken baby syndrome: a replication of a randomized controlled trial in Japan. | Fujiwara T et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| From concepts, theory, and evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effects to methodological approaches: a primer. | Willke RJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Internalizing symptoms: effects of a preventive intervention on developmental pathways from early adolescence to young adulthood. | Trudeau L et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Low back pain subgroups using fear-avoidance model measures: results of a cluster analysis. | Beneciuk JM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Subgroup analyses: when should we believe them? | Ghert M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The efficacy of targeted interventions for modifiable psychosocial risk factors of persistent nonspecific low back pain - a systematic review. | Kent P et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A comparison of subgroup analyses in grant applications and publications. | Boonacker CW et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A systematic review and meta-analysis of KRAS status as the determinant of response to anti-EGFR antibodies and the impact of partner chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. | Adelstein BA et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Bayesian models for subgroup analysis in clinical trials. | Jones HE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Chronic low back pain: a heterogeneous condition with challenges for an evidence-based approach. | Fourney DR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Differences in pain, function and coping in Multidimensional Pain Inventory subgroups of chronic back pain: a one-group pretest-posttest study. | Verra ML et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| EXACT: exercise or advice after ankle fracture. Design of a randomised controlled trial. | Beckenkamp PR et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Examining the evidence: a systematic review of the inclusion and analysis of older adults in randomized controlled trials. | Zulman DM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| For whom and under what circumstances do school-based energy balance behavior interventions work? Systematic review on moderators. | Yildirim M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Fusion versus nonoperative care for chronic low back pain: do psychological factors affect outcomes? | Daubs MD et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Fusion versus nonoperative management for chronic low back pain: do comorbid diseases or general health factors affect outcome? | Choma TJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Fusion versus nonoperative management for chronic low back pain: do sociodemographic factors affect outcome? | Mroz TE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Osteoarthritis subpopulations and implications for clinical trial design. | Bierma-Zeinstra SM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Pharmacologic management of chronic low back pain: synthesis of the evidence. | White AP et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Polymorphism of the 5-HT transporter and response to antidepressants: randomised controlled trial. | Lewis G et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Predicting response to a cognitive-behavioral approach to treating low back pain: Secondary analysis of the BeST data set. | Underwood M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality. | Flegal KM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Subgroup analysis of large trials can guide further research: a case study of vitamin E and pneumonia. | Hemilä H et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Subgroup identification from randomized clinical trial data. | Foster JC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Subgrouping patients with low back pain in primary care: are we getting any better at it? | Foster NE et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Targeting population entering phase III trials: a new stratified adaptive phase II design. | Tournoux-Facon C et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The influence of study characteristics on reporting of subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: systematic review. | Sun X et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants six months of age or less. | Gogia S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm. | Feingold BJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of mechanical traction for sub-groups of patients with low back pain: study methods and rationale. | Fritz JM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Assessing and reporting heterogeneity in treatment effects in clinical trials: a proposal. | Kent DM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Assessing Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects: Are Authors Misinterpreting Their Results? | Fernandez Y Garcia E et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Changes in recruitment of transversus abdominis correlate with disability in people with chronic low back pain. | Ferreira PH et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Clinimetrics corner: choosing appropriate study designs for particular questions about treatment subgroups. | Kent P et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Does targeting manual therapy and/or exercise improve patient outcomes in nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review. | Kent P et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. | Haran MJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Factors that influenced county system leaders to implement an evidence-based program: a baseline survey within a randomized controlled trial. | Wang W et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Impact of work-related compensation claims on surgical outcome of patients with rotator cuff related pathologies: a matched case-control study. | Holtby R et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Implications of the ACCORD lipid study: perspective from the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R(3)i). | Fruchart JC et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Inconsistent trial assessments by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and IQWiG: standards for the performance and interpretation of subgroup analyses are needed. | Hasford J et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Invited commentary. | Hancock MJ | — | 2010 | → |
| Medial knee osteoarthritis treated by insoles or braces: a randomized trial. | van Raaij TM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Plyometric training effects on Achilles tendon stiffness and dissipative properties. | Fouré A et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Research methods for subgrouping low back pain. | Kent P et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Socio-demographic factors predict the likelihood of not returning home after hospital admission following a fall. | Gilbert R et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The fear avoidance model disentangled: improving the clinical utility of the fear avoidance model. | Pincus T et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The REFLECT statement: reporting guidelines for randomized controlled trials in livestock and food safety: explanation and elaboration. | Sargeant JM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| The REFLECT statement: reporting guidelines for Randomized Controlled Trials in livestock and food safety: explanation and elaboration. | Sargeant JM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Tiotropium's cost-effectiveness for the treatment of COPD: a cost-utility analysis under real-world conditions. | Neyt M et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Treatment-based subgroups of low back pain: a guide to appraisal of research studies and a summary of current evidence. | Kamper SJ et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Variation in results from randomized, controlled trials: stochastic or systematic? | Jane-wit D et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| A guide to interpretation of studies investigating subgroups of responders to physical therapy interventions. | Hancock M et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| A randomised controlled trial of spinal manipulative therapy in acute low back pain. | Jüni P et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Can predictors of response to NSAIDs be identified in patients with acute low back pain? | Hancock MJ et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Characteristics of patients with chronic back pain who benefit from acupuncture. | Sherman KJ et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Cross-sectional analysis of baseline differences of candidates for rotator cuff surgery: a sex and gender perspective. | Razmjou H et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Differential efficacy of escitalopram and nortriptyline on dimensional measures of depression. | Uher R et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Do educational materials change knowledge and behaviour about crying and shaken baby syndrome? A randomized controlled trial. | Barr RG et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Does point of care prothrombin time measurement reduce the transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in patients undergoing major surgery? The POC-OP randomized-controlled trial. | Urwyler N et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Do psychological characteristics predict response to exercise and advice for subacute low back pain? | Smeets RJ et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behaviors regarding crying and shaken-baby syndrome in mothers of newborns: a randomized, controlled trial. | Barr RG et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Estimating preference-based health utilities index mark 3 utility scores for childhood conditions in England and Scotland. | Petrou S et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Evaluation of heterogeneity in pharmacotherapy trials for drug dependence: a Bayesian approach. | Green CE et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions: new insights into the prevention, detection and management of coronary artery disease. | Lanktree MB et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| How to guarantee finding a statistically significant difference: the use and abuse of subgroup analyses. | Fayers PM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| How to work with a subgroup analysis. | Dijkman B et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Impact of older age on the efficacy of newer adjuvant chemotherapy regimens in colon cancer, a subgroup analysis of a meta-analysis: Practice changing? Certainly not; Hypothesis generating? Perhaps. | Copur MS | — | 2009 | → |
| Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in infancy: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. | Gogia S et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Pharmacogenetic effect of an endothelin-1 haplotype on response to bucindolol therapy in chronic heart failure. | Taylor MR et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Predicting who will benefit from treatment. | Herbison P | — | 2009 | → |
| Socioeconomic status predicts functional disability in patients participating in a back pain trial. | Moffett JA et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Some benefit from physiotherapy intervention in the subgroup of patients with severe ankle sprain as determined by the ankle function score: a randomised trial. | van Rijn RM et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| Subgroup Analysis of Trials Is Rarely Easy (SATIRE): a study protocol for a systematic review to characterize the analysis, reporting, and claim of subgroup effects in randomized trials. | Sun X et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| The quality of meta-analyses of genetic association studies: a review with recommendations. | Minelli C et al. | — | 2009 | → |
| A methodological framework to distinguish spectrum effects from spectrum biases and to assess diagnostic and screening test accuracy for patient populations: application to the Papanicolaou cervical cancer smear test. | Elie C et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Anthracyclines in the treatment of HER2-negative breast cancer. | Paik S et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| CT angiography is cost-effective for confirmation of internal carotid artery occlusions. | Brown DL et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Differences across health care systems in outcome and cost-utility of surgical and conservative treatment of chronic low back pain: a study protocol. | Melloh M et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Effect of prolonged treatment with compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic sequelae: a randomized controlled trial. | Aschwanden M et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Exercise therapy and low back pain: insights and proposals to improve the design, conduct, and reporting of clinical trials. | Helmhout PH et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| GENetic and clinical predictors of treatment response in depression: the GenPod randomised trial protocol. | Thomas L et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Graded activity for workers with low back pain: who benefits most and how does it work? | Staal JB et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Identifying subpopulations for subgroup analysis in a longitudinal clinical trial. | Moineddin R et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Independent evaluation of a clinical prediction rule for spinal manipulative therapy: a randomised controlled trial. | Hancock MJ et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Patient and clinician treatment preferences do not moderate the effect of exercise treatment in chronic whiplash-associated disorders. | Stewart MJ et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Plasma receptor for advanced glycation end products and clinical outcomes in acute lung injury. | Calfee CS et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Predicting successful treatment outcome of web-based self-help for problem drinkers: secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial. | Riper H et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Sample size planning for statistical power and accuracy in parameter estimation. | Maxwell SE et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease. | Ober C et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Substance use outcomes 51/2 years past baseline for partnership-based, family-school preventive interventions. | Spoth RL et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| Web-assisted tobacco interventions: empowering change in the global fight for the public's (e)Health. | Norman CD et al. | — | 2008 | → |
| A method for testing a prespecified subgroup in clinical trials. | Song Y et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Antilock brakes and the risk of driver injury in a crash: a case-control study. | Cummings P et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| A systematic review of analytical methods used to study subgroups in (individual patient data) meta-analyses. | Koopman L et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Dealing with heterogeneity in clinical trials. | Herbert R | — | 2007 | → |
| Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: benefit and harm in different age subgroups. | Hernández AV et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Efficacy and safety of intraarticular hylan or hyaluronic acids for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. | Jüni P et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus: five-year survival of a randomized clinical trial. | Omloo JM et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Impact of vessel size on outcome after implantation of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents: a subgroup analysis of the SIRTAX trial. | Togni M et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Relationship of early childhood illness with adult cortisol in the Barry Caerphilly Growth (BCG) cohort. | Vedhara K et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Should subgroup analysis of randomized clinical trials have a direct impact on clinical practice? | Bria E et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| Statistics in medicine--reporting of subgroup analyses in clinical trials. | Wang R et al. | — | 2007 | → |
| An investigation of clinical studies suggests those with multiple objectives should have at least 90% power for each endpoint. | Borm GF et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Antibiotics in childhood acute otitis media. | Mattila PS | — | 2006 | → |
| Association of first- and second-generation air bags with front occupant death in car crashes: a matched cohort study. | Olson CM et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Current therapeutic strategies for acute myeloid leukaemia. | Kolitz JE | — | 2006 | → |
| Developments in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence: past, present and future. | Foulds J et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Efficacy of psychosocial interventions in cancer care: evidence is weaker than it first looks. | Coyne JC et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Multivariable risk prediction can greatly enhance the statistical power of clinical trial subgroup analysis. | Hayward RA et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Protein therapeutics: new applications for pharmacogenetics. | Krejsa C et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Subgroup analyses in therapeutic cardiovascular clinical trials: are most of them misleading? | Hernández AV et al. | — | 2006 | → |
| Analysis of quality of interventions in systematic reviews. | Herbert RD et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| NINDS Reanalysis Committee's reanalysis of the NINDS trial. | Mann J | — | 2005 | → |
| Stent placement or brachytherapy for palliation of dysphagia from esophageal cancer: a prognostic model to guide treatment selection. | Steyerberg EW et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Subgroup analysis and covariate adjustment in randomized clinical trials of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. | Hernández AV et al. | — | 2005 | → |
| Findings from the reanalysis of the NINDS tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke treatment trial. | Ingall TJ et al. | — | 2004 | → |
| Letter to the editor. | Hochberg MC et al. | — | 2004 | → |