Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Bromet, E J; Atwoli, L; Kawakami, N; Navarro-Mateu, F; Piotrowski, P; King, A J; Aguilar-Gaxiola, S; Alonso, J; Bunting, B; Demyttenaere, K; Florescu, S; de Girolamo, G; Gluzman, S; Haro, J M; de Jonge, P; Karam, E G; Lee, S; Kovess-Masfety, V; Medina-Mora, M E; Mneimneh, Z; Pennell, B-E; Posada-Villa, J; SalmerΓ³n, D; Takeshima, T; Kessler, R C
- Year
- 2017
- Journal
- Psychological medicine
- PMID
- 27573281
- DOI
- 10.1017/S0033291716002026
- PMCID
- PMC5432967
BACKGROUND: Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural and human-made disasters has been undertaken for more than three decades. Although PTSD prevalence estimates vary widely, most are in the 20-40% range in disaster-focused studies but considerably lower (3-5%) in the few general population epidemiological surveys that evaluated disaster-related PTSD as part of a broader clinical assessment. The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys provide an opportunity to examine disaster-related PTSD in representative general population surveys across a much wider range of sites than in previous studies. METHOD: Although disaster-related PTSD was evaluated in 18 WMH surveys, only six in high-income countries had enough respondents for a risk factor analysis. Predictors considered were socio-demographics, disaster characteristics, and pre-disaster vulnerability factors (childhood family adversities, prior traumatic experiences, and prior mental disorders). RESULTS: Disaster-related PTSD prevalence was 0.0-3.8% among adult (ages 18+) WMH respondents and was significantly related to high education, serious injury or death of someone close, forced displacement from home, and pre-existing vulnerabilities (prior childhood family adversities, other traumas, and mental disorders). Of PTSD cases 44.5% were among the 5% of respondents classified by the model as having highest PTSD risk. CONCLUSION: Disaster-related PTSD is uncommon in high-income WMH countries. Risk factors are consistent with prior research: severity of exposure, history of prior stress exposure, and pre-existing mental disorders. The high concentration of PTSD among respondents with high predicted risk in our model supports the focus of screening assessments that identify disaster survivors most in need of preventive interventions.
Area under the curve (AUC) of predicted probabilities based on model 4 overall and in selected subgroups.
β Prev
21β36 of 36
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Accidents/injuries local | phenotype |
| acute suicidality local | phenotype |
| adverse childhood experiences | phenotype |
| age | phenotype |
| agoraphobia | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| anxiety | phenotype |
| Atrocities local | phenotype |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | phenotype |
| Beaten by a caregiver as a child local | phenotype |
| Beaten by a romantic partner local | phenotype |
| Beaten by someone local | phenotype |
| Beaten by someone else other than a romantic partner local | phenotype |
| being displaced by the disaster local | cohort |
| Benjet et al. 2016 local | cohort |
| bipolar disorder | phenotype |
| CD | phenotype |
| Childhood family adversities local | phenotype |
| CIDI local | cohort |
| Civilian in a war zone local | phenotype |
| Combat experience local | phenotype |
| conduct disorder | phenotype |
| Disaster characteristics local | phenotype |
| Disaster exposure local | cohort |
| Disaster-focused studies local | cohort |
| disaster-related experiences local | phenotype |
| Disaster-related stressors local | phenotype |
| Disaster severity local | phenotype |
| Disaster survivors local | cohort |
| displacement local | phenotype |
| Disruptive behaviour disorder local | phenotype |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| DSM-IV/CIDI disorder local | phenotype |
| DSM-IV mental disorders local | phenotype |
| Dysthymic disorder local | phenotype |
| Early childhood adversity local | phenotype |
| education | phenotype |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| European community epidemiological surveys local | cohort |
| Exposure to interpersonal violence local | phenotype |
| Exposure to organized violence local | phenotype |
| family economic adversity local | phenotype |
| Family economic adversity local | phenotype |
| full sample | cohort |
| generalized anxiety disorder | phenotype |
| general population | cohort |
| high-average/high education respondents local | cohort |
| high-income countries | cohort |
| History of previous trauma local | phenotype |
| household residents local | cohort |
| Household residents local | cohort |
| Human-made disaster local | phenotype |
| Human-made disaster other than toxic chemical exposure local | phenotype |
| human-made disasters local | cohort |
| Human-made disasters local | phenotype |
| Intermittent explosive disorder local | phenotype |
| interpersonal violence local | phenotype |
| Interpersonal violence local | phenotype |
| Lifetime traumatic events local | phenotype |
| low- and middle-income countries | cohort |
| low-average/low education respondents local | cohort |
| low-/middle-income countries local | cohort |
| Low-/middle-income countries local | cohort |
| major depressive disorder | phenotype |
| Maladaptive Family Functioning CAs local | phenotype |
| marital status | phenotype |
| men | cohort |
| MFF CAs local | phenotype |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| Motor vehicle accidents | phenotype |
| National Comorbidity Survey | cohort |
| Natural disaster local | phenotype |
| natural disasters local | cohort |
| Natural disasters local | phenotype |
| neglect | phenotype |
| ODD | phenotype |
| Oppositionalβdefiant disorder local | phenotype |
| Organized violence local | phenotype |
| other parental loss local | phenotype |
| Other parental loss local | phenotype |
| panic disorder | phenotype |
| parental criminality local | phenotype |
| Parental criminality local | phenotype |
| parental death | phenotype |
| parental divorce/separation | phenotype |
| parental mental disorder local | phenotype |
| Parental mental disorder local | phenotype |
| parental substance abuse local | phenotype |
| Parental substance abuse local | phenotype |
| Participation in organized violence local | phenotype |
| Part II respondents local | cohort |
| Part I respondents local | cohort |
| physical abuse | phenotype |
| post-disaster mental disorders local | phenotype |
| post-disaster psychopathology local | phenotype |
| post-disaster PTSD local | phenotype |
| Post-disaster PTSD local | phenotype |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | phenotype |
| Pre-disaster psychopathology local | phenotype |
| Previous disasters local | phenotype |
| prior exposures to highly stressful experiences local | phenotype |
| prior history of mental disorders local | phenotype |
| prior lifetime traumatic event local | phenotype |
| prior mental disorders local | phenotype |
| Prior psychopathology local | phenotype |
| prior traumatic events local | phenotype |
| PsySTART local | cohort |
| PsySTART program local | cohort |
| rape | phenotype |
| Refugee local | phenotype |
| Relief worker in a war zone local | phenotype |
| Respondent history of psychopathology local | phenotype |
| respondents | cohort |
| Saw atrocities local | phenotype |
| SCID | cohort |
| sectarian violence local | phenotype |
| separation anxiety disorder | phenotype |
| serious injury/death of someone close local | phenotype |
| serious injury or death of someone close local | cohort |
| serious injury or death of someone close local | phenotype |
| serious injury to the respondent local | cohort |
| serious physical illness | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| sexual violence | phenotype |
| social phobia | phenotype |
| specific phobia | phenotype |
| substance abuse | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Subthreshold bipolar disorder local | phenotype |
| surveys local | cohort |
| Surveys local | cohort |
| survivors local | cohort |
| TE local | phenotype |
| top 5% predicted risk group local | cohort |
| top 5% risk respondents local | cohort |
| Toxic chemical exposure local | phenotype |
| traumatic experiences | phenotype |
| Unexpected death of someone close local | phenotype |
| United States | cohort |
| United States community epidemiological surveys local | cohort |
| War zone local | phenotype |
| WHO World Mental Health Surveys local | cohort |
| Witnessed violence at home as a child local | phenotype |
| witnessing death local | cohort |
| WMH local | cohort |
| WMH analysis local | cohort |
| WMH interview local | cohort |
| WMH surveys | cohort |
| World Mental Health (WMH) surveys local | cohort |
| Younger age at the time of the disaster local | phenotype |
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In this knowledge base
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