Racial/ethnic differences in use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana: is there a cross-over from adolescence to adulthood?
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Keyes, Katherine M; Vo, Thomas; Wall, Melanie M; Caetano, Raul; Suglia, Shakira F; Martins, Silvia S; Galea, Sandro; Hasin, Deborah
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- Social science & medicine (1982)
- PMID
- 25461870
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.035
- PMCID
- PMC4391514
Black adolescents in the US are less likely to use alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco compared with non-Hispanic Whites, but little is known about the consistency of these racial/ethnic differences in substance use across the lifecourse. Understanding lifecourse patterning of substance use is critical to inform prevention and intervention efforts. Data were drawn from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; Wave 1 (mean age = 16): N = 14,101; Wave 4 (mean age = 29): N = 11,365). Outcomes included alcohol (including at-risk drinking, defined as 5+/4+ drinks per drinking occasion or 14+/7+ drinks per week on average for men and women, respectively), cigarette, and marijuana use in 30-day/past-year. Random effects models stratified by gender tested differences-in-differences for wave by race interactions, controlling for age, parents' highest education/income, public assistance, and urbanicity. Results indicate that for alcohol, Whites were more likely to use alcohol and engage in at-risk alcohol use at all waves. By mean age 29.9, for example, White men were 2.1 times as likely to engage in at-risk alcohol use (95% C.I. 1.48-2.94). For cigarettes, Whites were more likely to use cigarettes and smoked more at Waves 1 through 3; there were no differences by Wave 4 for men and a diminished difference for women, and difference-in-difference models indicated evidence of convergence. For marijuana, there were no racial/ethnic differences in use for men at any wave. For women, by Wave 4 there was convergence in marijuana use and a cross-over in frequency of use among users, with Black women using more than White women. In summary, no convergence or cross-over for racial/ethnic differences through early adulthood in alcohol use; convergence for cigarette as well as marijuana use. Lifecourse patterns of health disparities secondary to heavy substance use by race and ethnicity may be, at least in part, due to age-related variation in cigarette and marijuana use.
Descriptive proportions and means for alcohol use outcomes by race and gender in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health*Mean ages based on four waves of data collection. Wave 1 (mean age: 16.03); Wave 2 (mean age: 15.99); Wave 3 (mean age: 21.85); Wave 4 (mean age: 29.00). Wave 1 and Wave 2 were separated by one year, however the mean age of the Wave 2 sample is slightly lower than the mean age of the Wave 1 sample (Wave 1: 16.03; Wave 2: 15.99). Respondents that were no longer in high school at the Wave 2 interview, however, remained eligible for the Wave 3 and 4 interviews and were re-contacted. We display them on the graph as one year apart given the time difference in data collection.
Descriptive proportions and means for cigarette use outcomes by race and gender in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health*Mean ages based on four waves of data collection. Wave 1 (mean age: 16.03); Wave 2 (mean age: 15.99); Wave 3 (mean age: 21.85); Wave 4 (mean age: 29.00). Wave 1 and Wave 2 were separated by one year, however the mean age of the Wave 2 sample is slightly lower than the mean age of the Wave 1 sample (Wave 1: 16.03; Wave 2: 15.99). Respondents that were no longer in high school at the Wave 2 interview, however, remained eligible for the Wave 3 and 4 interviews and were re-contacted. We display them on the graph as one year apart given the time difference in data collection.
Descriptive proportions and means for marijuana use outcomes by race and gender in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health*Mean ages based on four waves of data collection. Wave 1 (mean age: 16.03); Wave 2 (mean age: 15.99); Wave 3 (mean age: 21.85); Wave 4 (mean age: 29.00). Wave 1 and Wave 2 were separated by one year, however the mean age of the Wave 2 sample is slightly lower than the mean age of the Wave 1 sample (Wave 1: 16.03; Wave 2: 15.99). Respondents that were no longer in high school at the Wave 2 interview, however, remained eligible for the Wave 3 and 4 interviews and were re-contacted. We display them on the graph as one year apart given the time difference in data collection.
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Add Health | cohort |
| Add Health sample local | cohort |
| Add Health study | cohort |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adulthood | cohort |
| adults | cohort |
| Adverse health consequences local | phenotype |
| adverse physical health outcomes | phenotype |
| African American | cohort |
| African-Americans | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| Alcohol abstention local | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| Alcohol-attributable injury local | phenotype |
| alcohol dependence | phenotype |
| alcohol-related outcomes | phenotype |
| alcohol-related problems | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| Any drinking in the past year local | phenotype |
| any marijuana use local | phenotype |
| Any marijuana use in the past 30 days local | phenotype |
| any past 30-day smoking local | phenotype |
| any smoking local | phenotype |
| any substance use | phenotype |
| Arrest/incarceration for marijuana-related offences local | phenotype |
| At least weekly marijuana use in the past 30 days local | phenotype |
| at least weekly use local | phenotype |
| At-risk alcohol use local | phenotype |
| At-risk drinking in the past year local | phenotype |
| Average days of use among users local | phenotype |
| Average drinks per drinking session local | phenotype |
| average drinks per drinking setting local | phenotype |
| Average drinks per drinking setting local | phenotype |
| average number of cigarettes smoked on days smoked local | phenotype |
| average number of drinks consumed local | phenotype |
| Average number of drinks consumed when drinking alcohol local | phenotype |
| Average number of drinks per drinking occasion local | phenotype |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| Black | phenotype |
| Black Americans local | phenotype |
| Black female drinkers local | cohort |
| Black females | cohort |
| black men | cohort |
| black participants | cohort |
| blacks | cohort |
| black women | cohort |
| cardiovascular outcomes local | phenotype |
| Cardiovascular outcomes local | phenotype |
| chronic stress | phenotype |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| cigarette use >25 days per month local | phenotype |
| drinking | phenotype |
| Female white drinkers local | cohort |
| frequency | phenotype |
| frequency of alcohol use | phenotype |
| frequency of drunkenness local | phenotype |
| Frequency of drunkenness local | phenotype |
| Frequency of drunkenness among drinkers local | phenotype |
| Frequency of marijuana use in the past 30 days among users local | phenotype |
| general population | cohort |
| Health outcomes | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| High-risk boys in Pittsburgh local | cohort |
| Incident alcohol disorders local | phenotype |
| income | phenotype |
| Legal and social/interpersonal problems local | phenotype |
| lung cancer mortality | phenotype |
| Male white drinkers local | cohort |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| marijuana use frequency local | phenotype |
| Marijuana use frequency local | drug |
| Marijuana use frequency local | phenotype |
| morbidity | phenotype |
| mortality | phenotype |
| mortality disparities local | phenotype |
| National longitudinal sample local | cohort |
| National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health | cohort |
| National Longitudinal Study of Youth local | cohort |
| non-Hispanic whites | cohort |
| number of cigarettes smoked on days smoked local | phenotype |
| number of days of cigarette use local | phenotype |
| other substances | phenotype |
| parental education | phenotype |
| past-30 day cigarette use local | phenotype |
| past 30-day smoking local | phenotype |
| past 30-day use local | phenotype |
| poverty | phenotype |
| Problematic health behaviors local | phenotype |
| Public assistance | phenotype |
| quantity | phenotype |
| Quantity and frequency of use local | phenotype |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| Race/ethnicity disparities local | phenotype |
| risky drinking | phenotype |
| Rural location local | phenotype |
| self-reported substance use local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| smoking | phenotype |
| smoking cessation | phenotype |
| smoking initiation | phenotype |
| smoking in past month local | phenotype |
| Social norms regarding substance use local | phenotype |
| socio-economic status | phenotype |
| substance-related consequences local | phenotype |
| substance use | phenotype |
| Substance use consequences local | phenotype |
| this cohort local | cohort |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| trauma | phenotype |
| treatment utilization | phenotype |
| United States | cohort |
| Urban location local | phenotype |
| Use >25 days local | phenotype |
| use more than 25 days in the past month local | phenotype |
| wave 2 | cohort |
| Weathering local | phenotype |
| White | phenotype |
| White Americans local | phenotype |
| White drinkers local | cohort |
| White female drinkers local | cohort |
| White females | cohort |
| White men | cohort |
| white participants | cohort |
| whites | cohort |
| White women local | cohort |
| women | cohort |
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