Effects of state cigarette excise taxes and smoke-free air policies on state per capita alcohol consumption in the United States, 1980 to 2009.
- Authors
- Krauss, Melissa J; Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia A; Plunk, Andrew D; Bierut, Laura J; Grucza, Richard A
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research
- PMID
- 25257814
- DOI
- 10.1111/acer.12533
- PMCID
- PMC4211946
BACKGROUND: Increasing state cigarette excise taxes and strengthening smoke-free air (SFA) laws are known to reduce smoking prevalence. Some studies suggest that such policies may also reduce alcohol use, but results for cigarette taxes have been mixed, and associations with smoke-free air policies have been limited to some demographic subgroups. To shed further light on the potential secondary effects of tobacco control policy, we examined whether increases in cigarette taxes and strengthening of SFA laws were associated with reductions of per capita alcohol consumption and whether any reductions were specific to certain beverage types. METHODS: State per capita alcohol consumption from 1980 to 2009 was modeled as a function of state price per pack of cigarettes and SFA policy scores while controlling for secular trends and salient state covariates. Both policy measures also accounted for local policies. Total alcohol, beer, wine, and spirits consumption per capita were modeled separately. For each type of beverage, we used a nested models approach to determine whether the 2 policies together were associated with reduced consumption. RESULTS: For total alcohol consumption, and for beer or spirits (but not wine), one or both tobacco policies were associated with reductions in consumption. A 1% increase in cigarette price per pack was associated with a 0.083% decrease in per capita total alcohol consumption (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0002 to 0.166, p = 0.0495), and a 1-point increase in SFA policy score, measured on a 6-point scale, was associated with a 1.1% decrease in per capita total alcohol consumption (95% CI 0.4 to 1.7, p = 0.001; p < 0.001 for the hypothesis that the 2 policies are jointly associated with reduced alcohol consumption). CONCLUSIONS: The public health benefits of increasing cigarette taxes and smoke-free policies may go beyond the reduction of smoking and extend to alcohol consumption, specifically beer and spirits.
Total alcohol consumption over time, stratified by states with the highest and lowest quartile of cigarette price per pack (Figure 1a) and smoke-free air policy (Figure 1b) changes over the same time period, 1980–2009
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 1980–1994 period local | cohort |
| 1995–2009 period local | cohort |
| Adults_51_61 local | cohort |
| Adults_65plus local | cohort |
| Adults age 18-20 local | cohort |
| Adults age ≥51 local | cohort |
| adults age 51 years and above local | cohort |
| Adults age ≥65 local | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| alcohol abuse | phenotype |
| alcohol_consumption | phenotype |
| Alcohol consumption per capita local | phenotype |
| alcohol demand | phenotype |
| Alcohol Epidemiology Data System local | cohort |
| Alcohol excise tax local | drug |
| alcohol-related diseases | phenotype |
| Alcohol Use | phenotype |
| alcohol use disorder remission local | phenotype |
| Australia | cohort |
| beer | drug |
| beer consumption local | phenotype |
| Beer consumption local | phenotype |
| binge drinking | phenotype |
| cardiovascular disease | phenotype |
| cigarette price per pack local | phenotype |
| Cigarette price per pack local | drug |
| Cigarette price per pack local | phenotype |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| cigarette tax | drug |
| Cigarette_Tax local | drug |
| Cohort 1980–1994 local | cohort |
| Cohort 1995–2009 local | cohort |
| complete statewide ban on smoking in bars, restaurants and worksites local | drug |
| current drinkers | phenotype |
| Demographic groups local | phenotype |
| drinkers | phenotype |
| drinking | phenotype |
| drinks per week | phenotype |
| education | phenotype |
| ethanol consumption | phenotype |
| females age ≥51 years local | phenotype |
| frequency of alcohol use | phenotype |
| Full_Population local | cohort |
| hazardous drinking | phenotype |
| health consciousness local | phenotype |
| healthier lifestyle habits local | phenotype |
| heavy drinking | phenotype |
| Heavy drinking smokers local | cohort |
| Highest cigarette price increase states (1980-2009) local | cohort |
| ImpacTeen State-Level Tobacco Legislative Database local | cohort |
| Injury rates local | phenotype |
| Italy | cohort |
| Lowest cigarette price increase states (1980-2009) local | cohort |
| men | cohort |
| moderate and heavy-drinking smokers local | phenotype |
| multi-country cohort study local | cohort |
| Per-capita alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| per capita beer consumption local | phenotype |
| per capita spirits consumption local | phenotype |
| Per-capita total alcohol consumption local | phenotype |
| per capita wine consumption local | phenotype |
| population at risk for smoking local | cohort |
| price per pack local | drug |
| Respiratory tract cancer local | phenotype |
| Restaurant/bar revenues local | phenotype |
| Scotland | cohort |
| SFA local | drug |
| SFA policies local | drug |
| SFA policies local | phenotype |
| SFA policy local | drug |
| SFA_Policy local | drug |
| SFA policy score local | cohort |
| SFA policy score local | drug |
| SFA policy score local | phenotype |
| SFA policy scores local | drug |
| SFA policy scores local | phenotype |
| SFA score local | drug |
| SFA score local | phenotype |
| smoke-free air policies local | drug |
| Smoke-free policies local | phenotype |
| smoke-free policy local | drug |
| smoking | phenotype |
| smoking bans local | drug |
| smoking cessation | phenotype |
| smoking initiation | phenotype |
| smoking prevalence | phenotype |
| spirits | drug |
| spirits consumption local | phenotype |
| Spirits consumption local | phenotype |
| state | cohort |
| State Cancer Legislative Database local | cohort |
| State cigarette prices local | drug |
| State cigarette prices local | phenotype |
| states local | cohort |
| State SFA score local | phenotype |
| Sweden | cohort |
| Taiwan local | cohort |
| Tobacco control policy local | phenotype |
| tobacco policies local | cohort |
| tobacco policies local | drug |
| Tobacco policies local | phenotype |
| tobacco use | phenotype |
| United Kingdom | cohort |
| United States | cohort |
| Upper digestive tract cancer local | phenotype |
| U.S. states local | cohort |
| U.S. survey data local | cohort |
| voluntary alcohol consumption | phenotype |
| wine | drug |
| wine consumption local | phenotype |
| Wine consumption local | phenotype |
| Younger adults | cohort |
| Young-Wolff 2014 U.S. longitudinal study local | cohort |
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| Cardiovascular diseases in mega-countries: the challenges of the nutrition, physical activity and epidemiologic transitions, and the double burden of disease. | Barquera S et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Potential Unintended Consequences of Electronic Cigarette Use in Drinking Venues. | Young-Wolff KC et al. | — | 2016 | → |
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