Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Humphreys, Kathryn L; Eng, Timothy; Lee, Steve S
- Year
- 2013
- Journal
- JAMA psychiatry
- PMID
- 23754458
- DOI
- 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273
- PMCID
- PMC6688478
IMPORTANCE: Psychostimulant medication is an efficacious treatment for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, yet controversy remains regarding potential iatrogenic effects of stimulant medication, particularly with respect to increasing susceptibility to later substance use disorders. However, stimulant treatment was previously reported to reduce the risk of substance problems. OBJECTIVE: To meta-analyze the longitudinal association between treatment with stimulant medication during childhood and later substance outcomes (ie, lifetime substance use and substance abuse or dependence). DATA SOURCES: Studies published between January 1980 and February 2012 were identified using review articles, PubMed, and pertinent listservs. STUDY SELECTION: Studies with longitudinal designs in which medication treatment preceded the measurement of substance outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Odds ratios were extracted or provided by the study authors. Odds ratios were obtained for lifetime use (ever used) and abuse or dependence status for alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, nicotine, and nonspecific drugs for 2565 participants from 15 different studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Random-effects models estimated the overall association, and potential study moderators were examined. RESULTS: Separate random-effects analyses were conducted for each substance outcome, with the number of studies ranging from 3 to 11 for each outcome. Results suggested comparable outcomes between children with and without medication treatment history for any substance use and abuse or dependence outcome across all substance types. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide an important update and suggest that treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulant medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders.
Effect of medication treatment on the risk of alcohol abuse or dependence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Effect of medication treatment on the risk of cocaine abuse or dependence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Effect of medication treatment on the risk of marijuana abuse or dependence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Effect of medication treatment on the risk of nicotine dependence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
โ Prev
21โ33 of 33
No entities extracted from this document yet.
No uploaded files.
Not in any collection.
| Citation | PMID | DOI | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| AndersenSL, ArvanitogiannisA, PliakasAM, LeBlancC, CarlezonWAJr. Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development. Nat Neurosci. 2002;5(1):13โ14.1173180210.1038/nn777 | โ | โ | โ |
| AngoldA, ErkanliA, EggerHL, CostelloEJ. Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(8):975โ994.1093922610.1097/00004583-200008000-00009 | โ | โ | โ |
| BarkleyRA, FischerM, SmallishL, FletcherK. Does the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulants contribute to drug use/abuse? a 13-year prospective study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):97โ109.1250956110.1542/peds.111.1.97 | โ | โ | โ |
| BeggCB, MazumdarM. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50(4):1088โ1101.7786990 | โ | โ | โ |
| BiedermanJ, MonuteauxMC, SpencerT, WilensTE, MacphersonHA, FaraoneSV. Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(5):597โ603.1831642110.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07091486 | โ | โ | โ |
| BiedermanJ, WilensT, MickE, Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders?findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(1):21โ29.900077710.1097/00004583-199701000-00013 | โ | โ | โ |
| BiedermanJ, WilensT, MickE, SpencerT, FaraoneSV. Pharmacotherapy of at-tention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reduces risk for substance use disorder. Pediatrics. 1999;104(2):e20.1042913810.1542/peds.104.2.e20 | โ | โ | โ |
| BorensteinM, HedgesLV, HigginsJPT, RothsteinHR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009. | โ | โ | โ |
| BrandonCL, MarinelliM, BakerLK, WhiteFJ. Enhanced reactivity and vulnerability to cocaine following methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25(5):651โ661.1168224810.1016/S0893-133X(01)00281-0 | โ | โ | โ |
| ChilcoatHD, BreslauN. Pathways from ADHD to early drug use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(11):1347โ1354.1056022010.1097/00004583-199911000-00008 | โ | โ | โ |
| CretzmeyerMT. Adolescent ADHD, Stimulant Medication and Adult Substance Abuse [thesis]. Iowa City: University of Iowa School of Social Work; 2006:71. | โ | โ | โ |
| DisneyER, ElkinsIJ, McGueM, IaconoWG. Effects of ADHD, conduct disorder, and gender on substance use and abuse in adolescence. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156(10):1515โ1521.1051816010.1176/ajp.156.10.1515 | โ | โ | โ |
| EggerM, Davey SmithG, SchneiderM, MinderC. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629โ634.931056310.1136/bmj.315.7109.629PMC2127453 | โ | โ | โ |
| GoldenSM. Does childhood use of stimulant medication as a treatment for ADHD affect the likelihood of future drug abuse and dependence? a literature review J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2009;18(4):343โ358. | โ | โ | โ |
| GreenhillLL, PliszkaS, DulcanMK, ; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(2)(suppl):26Sโ49S.1183363310.1097/00004583-200202001-00003 | โ | โ | โ |
| HartySC, IvanovI, NewcornJH, HalperinJM. The impact of conduct disorder and stimulant medication on later substance use in an ethnically diverse sample of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21 (4):331โ339.2182391410.1089/cap.2010.0074PMC3157746 | โ | โ | โ |
| HechtmanL, WeissG, PerlmanT. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1984; 23(3):261โ269.673649010.1016/s0002-7138(09)60501-x | โ | โ | โ |
| HedgesLV, OlkinI. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; 1985. | โ | โ | โ |
| HinshawSP. Preadolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, I: background characteristics, comorbidity, cognitive and social functioning, and parenting practices. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(5):1086โ1098.1236295910.1037//0022-006x.70.5.1086 | โ | โ | โ |
| HussM Langfristige Effekte der Methylphenidat-Behandlung auf die Suchtentwicklung bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Hyperaktivitรคts-Stรถrung. Berlin, Germany: Medical Faculty Charitรจ-Universitรคtsmedizin Berlin; 2005. | โ | โ | โ |
| HussM, PoustkaF, LehmkuhlG, LehmkuhlU. No increase in long-term riskfor nicotine use disorders after treatment with methylphenidate in children with at-tention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a non-randomised retrospective study. J Neural Transm. 2008;115(2):335โ339.1825380810.1007/s00702-008-0872-3 | โ | โ | โ |
| JensenPS, HinshawSP, KraemerHC, ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(2):147โ158.1121136310.1097/00004583-200102000-00009 | โ | โ | โ |
| JohnstonLD, OโMalleyPM, BachmanJG, SchulenbergJE. Secondary School Students. Vol I. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; 2012 Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975โ2011. | โ | โ | โ |
| KatusicSK, BarbaresiWJ, ColliganRC, WeaverAL, LeibsonCL, JacobsenSJ. Psychostimulant treatment and riskfor substance abuse among young adults with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based, birth cohort study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(5):764โ776.1626259310.1089/cap.2005.15.764 | โ | โ | โ |
| KleinRG, MannuzzaS. Children with uncomplicated reading disorders grown up In: GreenhillLL, ed. Learning Disabilities: Implications for Psychiatric Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000:1โ28. | โ | โ | โ |
| KollinsSH, MacDonaldEK, RushCR. Assessing the abuse potential of methylphenidate in nonhuman and human subjects: a review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001;68(3):611โ627.1132541910.1016/s0091-3057(01)00464-6 | โ | โ | โ |
| KollinsSH. A qualitative review of issues arising in the use of psycho-stimulant medications in patients with ADHD and co-morbid substance use disorders. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(5):1345โ1357.1838470910.1185/030079908x280707 | โ | โ | โ |
| KollinsSH. Comparing the abuse potential of methylphenidate versus other stimulants: a review of available evidence and relevance to the ADHD patient. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(suppl 11):14โ18.14529325 | โ | โ | โ |
| KuczenskiR, SegalDS. Stimulant actions in rodents: implications for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment and potential substance abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(11):1391โ1396.1595001310.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.036 | โ | โ | โ |
| LambertNM, HartsoughCS. Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. J Learn Disabil. 1998;31(6):533โ544.981395110.1177/002221949803100603 | โ | โ | โ |
| LambertNM. The contribution of childhood ADHD, conduct problems, and stimulant treatment to adolescent and adult tobacco and psychoactive substance abuse. Ethical Hum Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;7(3):197โ221. | โ | โ | โ |
| LarzelereRE, KuhnBR, JohnsonB. The intervention selection bias: an underrecognized confound in intervention research. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(2):289โ303.1497977310.1037/0033-2909.130.2.289 | โ | โ | โ |
| LeeSS, HumphreysKL, FloryK, LiuR, GlassK. Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31 (3):328โ341.2138253810.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006PMC3180912 | โ | โ | โ |
| LipseyMW, WilsonDB. Practical Meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2001. | โ | โ | โ |
| MannuzzaS, KleinRG, MoultonJLIII. Does stimulant treatment place children at risk for adult substance abuse? a controlled, prospective follow-up study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003;13(3):273โ282.1464201510.1089/104454603322572606 | โ | โ | โ |
| MannuzzaS, KleinRG, TruongNL, Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(5):604โ609.1838190410.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07091465PMC2967384 | โ | โ | โ |
| MilbergerS, BiedermanJ, FaraoneSV, ChenL, JonesJ. Further evidence of an association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cigarette smoking: findings from a high-risk sample of siblings. Am J Addict. 1997;6(3):205โ217.9256986 | โ | โ | โ |
| MolinaB, PelhamW, RothJ. Stimulant Medication and Substance Use by Adolescents With a Childhood History of ADHD Poster presented at: Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology; 7 16โ20,1999; Barcelona, Spain. | โ | โ | โ |
| MolinaBSG, FloryK, HinshawSP, Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months: prevalence, course, and treatment effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):1028โ1040.1766748110.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d96 | โ | โ | โ |
| MolinaBSG, PelhamWEJr. Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112 (3):497โ507.1294302810.1037/0021-843x.112.3.497 | โ | โ | โ |
| OโBrienJM, FeltBT, Van HarrisonR, KochharPK, RioloSA. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Guidelines for Clinical Care. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Health System; 2005. | โ | โ | โ |
| PelhamWE. ADHD treatment with stimulant medication and later substance use In: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 2004. | โ | โ | โ |
| SaxKW, StrakowskiSM. Behavioral sensitization in humans. J Addict Dis. 2001; 20(3):55โ65.10.1300/J069v20n03_0611681593 | โ | โ | โ |
| SwansonJM, ElliottGR, GreenhillLL, Effects of stimulant medication on growth rates across 3 years in the MTA follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8): 1015โ1027.1766748010.1097/chi.0b013e3180686d7e | โ | โ | โ |
| VitielloB Methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CMAJ. 2001;165(11):1505โ1506.11762576PMC81668 | โ | โ | โ |
| VolkowND, FowlerJS, WangGJ, BalerR, TelangF. Imaging dopamineโs role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56(suppl 1):3โ8.1861719510.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.022PMC2696819 | โ | โ | โ |
| VolkowND, SwansonJM. Does childhood treatment of ADHD with stimulant medication affect substance abuse in adulthood? Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(5): 553โ555.1845093310.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020237PMC2667111 | โ | โ | โ |
| WilensTE, AdamsonJ, MonuteauxMC, Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent riskfor cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Arch PediatrAdolesc Med. 2008;162(10):916โ921.10.1001/archpedi.162.10.916PMC276097518838643 | โ | โ | โ |
| WilensTE, FaraoneSV, BiedermanJ, GunawardeneS. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? a meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):179โ185.1250957410.1542/peds.111.1.179 | โ | โ | โ |
| WintersKC, LeeS, BotzetA, FahnhorstT, RealmutoGM, AugustGJ. A prospective examination of the association of stimulant medication history and drug use outcomes among community samples of ADHD youths. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2011;20(4):314โ329.2258202210.1080/1067828X.2011.598834PMC3348651 | โ | โ | โ |
In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Genome-wide association study of stimulant dependence. | 2021 | 34226506 |
External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD, substance use disorders and stimulant treatment: understanding the relationships. | Newcorn JH | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Does Combined Stimulant and Psychosocial Treatment in Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Protect Against Future Substance Use? | Bommersbach TJ et al. | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Investigating behavioural addictions in adults with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. | Findon JL et al. | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Methylphenidate and Its Impact on Redox Balance and Behavior. | Jรฎtcฤ G et al. | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Prevalence of pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and prescription stimulant misuse: A national study of US college students. | Summit AG et al. | โ | 2025 | โ |
| The Use of Novel Stimulants in ADHD Self-Medication: A Mixed Methods Analysis. | Holborn T et al. | โ | 2025 | โ |
| Comparison of the real-world safety of two different long-acting methylphenidate formulations (Medikinet<sup>ยฎ</sup> MR and Concerta<sup>ยฎ</sup>) - a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study. | รrnberg J et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Effects of Stimulant Treatment on Changes in Brain Activation During Reward Notifications in Drug Naรฏve Youth With ADHD. | Ivanov I et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Translating the nuanced risk for substance use among adolescents treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into clinical practice: a commentary on McCabe etย al. (2023). | Kennedy TM et al. | โ | 2024 | โ |
| Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes. | Pagรกn AF et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| An updated safety review of the current drugs for managing ADHD in children. | Ryst E et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Association Between Stimulant Treatment and Substance Use Through Adolescence Into Early Adulthood. | Molina BSG et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Challenges of Treating ADHD with Comorbid Substance Use Disorder: Considerations for the Clinician. | Barbuti M et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement. | Young S et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Long-term safety of methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD: 2-year outcomes of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Drugs Use Chronic Effects (ADDUCE) study. | Man KKC et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): 2022 updates on pharmacological management. | O'Connor L et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| Psychoactive substance use in patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory study. | Wiฤckiewicz G et al. | โ | 2023 | โ |
| ADHD stimulant medication misuse and considerations for current prescribing practice: a literature review. | Carolan D | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Clinical and Genetic Correlates of Bipolar Disorder With Childhood-Onset Attention Deficit Disorder. | Nunez NA et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia induces dysregulated feeding patterns and ethanol consumption that are alleviated by methylphenidate administration in rats. | Miguel PM et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Sensitization-based risk for substance abuse in vulnerable individuals with ADHD: Review and re-examination of evidence. | Ivanov I et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Tobacco and ADHD: A Role of MAO-Inhibition in Nicotine Dependence and Alleviation of ADHD Symptoms. | Taylor MR et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| TOBACCO USE DISORDER AND DUAL DISORDERS Joint statement by the Spanish Psychiatry Society and the Spanish Dual Disorders Society. | Nรฉstor S et al. | โ | 2022 | โ |
| Genome-wide association study of stimulant dependence. | Cox J et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| [International Consensus Statement for the Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder]. | รzgen H et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Overdiagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Scoping Review. | Kazda L et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Randomized Trial of Academic Training and Medication Decision-Making for Adolescents with ADHD in Usual Care. | Hogue A et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Rising Stimulant Overdoses Among Young People in the United States. | Hadland SE et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. | Faraone SV et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Substance Use Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. | รzgen H et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention. | Camp A et al. | โ | 2021 | โ |
| Approach to Evaluating and Managing Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Care. | Huang H et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. | Humphreys KL et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Early substance use in the pathway from childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to young adult substance use: Evidence of statistical mediation and substance specificity. | Howard AL et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Integrating data science into the translational science research spectrum: A substance use disorder case study. | Slade E et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Integrating Tobacco Prevention Skills into an Evidence-Based Intervention for Adolescents with ADHD: Results from a Pilot Efficacy Randomized Controlled Trial. | Corona R et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| International Consensus Statement for the Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Adolescents with Concurrent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder. | รzgen H et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Neurobehavioral changes arising from early life dopamine signaling perturbations. | Areal LB et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| [Pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults]. | Retz W et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Complex Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. | Barbaresi WJ et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Where to find accurate information on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? A study of scientific distortions among French websites, newspapers, and television programs. | Ponnou S et al. | โ | 2020 | โ |
| Acute and chronic methylphenidate administration in intact and VTA-specific and nonspecific lesioned rats. | Ihezie SA et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| [ADHD in adult patients with substance use disorders]. | Luderer M et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Oral Methylphenidate Treatment of an Adolescent ADHD Rat Model Does Not Alter Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference during Adulthood: A Negative Report. | Zhang-James Y et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Psychiatric comorbid patterns in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Treatment effect and subtypes. | Tsai FJ et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Reward Processing in Drug-Naive Youth with Various Levels of Risk for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Study. | Ivanov I et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Risks and Benefits of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication on Behavioral and Neuropsychiatric Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of Pharmacoepidemiology Studies Using Linked Prescription Databases. | Chang Z et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Groenman AP et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| Traffic Crashes, Violations, and Suspensions Among Young Drivers With ADHD. | Curry AE et al. | โ | 2019 | โ |
| ADHD in children and youth: Part 1-Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity. | Bรฉlanger SA et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Associations between childhood ADHD, gender, and adolescent alcohol and marijuana involvement: A causally informative design. | Elkins IJ et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Declines in prevalence of adolescent substance use disorders and delinquent behaviors in the USA: a unitary trend? | Grucza RA et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Increased Risk of Smoking in Female Adolescents Who Had Childhood ADHD. | Elkins IJ et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| International Consensus Statement on Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder Patients with Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. | Crunelle CL et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Long-term effects of stimulant exposure on cerebral blood flow response to methylphenidate and behavior in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. | Schrantee A et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Risk of amphetamine use disorder and mortality among incident users of prescribed stimulant medications in the Veterans Administration. | Westover AN et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Sexually Transmitted Infection Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study. | Chen MH et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| Time to acknowledge the mixed effects of cannabis on health: a summary and critical review of the NASEM 2017 report on the health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. | Cousijn J et al. | โ | 2018 | โ |
| A Clinician's Guide to Co-occurring ADHD among Adolescent Substance Users: Comorbidity, Neurodevelopmental Risk, and Evidence-based Treatment Options. | Hogue A et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| ADHD Medication and Substance-Related Problems. | Quinn PD et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| ADHD Medication Trends in Turkey: 2009-2013. | รner ร et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| An update on the safety of psychostimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Groenman AP et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis. | Groenman AP et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Here/In This Issue and There/Abstract Thinking: Does This Answer Your Question? | Rogers CE | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Managing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using illicit psychostimulants: A systematic review. | Cook J et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Parents' Perspectives About Factors Influencing Adherence to Pharmacotherapy for ADHD. | Ahmed R et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| Pediatric pharmacoepidemiology - safety and effectiveness of medicines for ADHD. | Clavenna A et al. | โ | 2017 | โ |
| ADHD in school-aged youth: Management and special treatment considerations in the primary care setting. | Weed ED | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Adolescent D-amphetamine treatment in a rodent model of ADHD: Pro-cognitive effects in adolescence without an impact on cocaine cue reactivity in adulthood. | Jordan CJ et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Adolescent d-amphetamine treatment in a rodent model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact on cocaine abuse vulnerability in adulthood. | Jordan CJ et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Adolescent methylphenidate treatment differentially alters adult impulsivity and hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat model of ADHD. | Somkuwar SS et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Age-Dependent Effects of Methylphenidate on the Human Dopaminergic System in Young vs Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. | Schrantee A et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Change over time in adolescent and friend alcohol use: Differential associations for youth with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). | Belendiuk KA et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Cognitive enhancers versus addictive psychostimulants: The good and bad side of dopamine on prefrontal cortical circuits. | Bisagno V et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Considerations in the Use of Stimulants in Sport. | Reardon CL et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Guanfacine Extended Release: A New Pharmacological Treatment Option in Europe. | Huss M et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Necessity for research directed at stimulant type and treatment-onset age to access the impact of medication on drug abuse vulnerability in teenagers with ADHD. | Kantak KM et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Topical Review: ADHD and Health-Risk Behaviors: Toward Prevention and Health Promotion. | Schoenfelder EN et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| Treatment-refractory substance use disorder: Focus on alcohol, opioids, and cocaine. | Soyka M et al. | โ | 2016 | โ |
| [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. | Cunill R et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in relation to addictive behaviors: a moderated-mediation analysis of personality-risk factors and sex. | Davis C et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Differences in methylphenidate abuse rates among methadone maintenance treatment patients in two clinics. | Peles E et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Early developmental, temperamental and educational problems in 'substance use disorder' patients with and without ADHD. Does ADHD make a difference? | Skutle A et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Exposure to methylphenidate during infancy and adolescence in non-human animals and sensitization to abuse of psychostimulants later in life: a systematic review. | Jaboinski J et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Grey matter volumes in treatment naรฏve vs. chronically treated children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a combined approach. | Villemonteix T et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Medical marijuana: review of the science and implications for developmental-behavioral pediatric practice. | Hadland SE et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Methylphenidate treatment beyond adolescence maintains increased cocaine self-administration in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. | Baskin BM et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. | Benson K et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with co-morbid drug dependence. | Cunill R et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Psychotic disorders comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an important knowledge gap. | Levy E et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| What we do not know about ADHDโฆ yet. | Kiely B et al. | โ | 2015 | โ |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: developmental considerations, potential pathways, and opportunities for research. | Molina BS et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students. | Nugent K et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Authors' reply. | Groenman AP et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Childhood ADHD and addictive behaviours in adolescence: a canadian sample. | Ostojic D et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Childhood challenges. | Wojtys EM | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Clinical Strategies for Integrating Medication Interventions Into Behavioral Treatment for Adolescent ADHD: The Medication Integration Protocol. | Hogue A et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Cocaine-seeking behavior in a genetic model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder following adolescent methylphenidate or atomoxetine treatments. | Jordan CJ et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Does psychostimulant treatment in children with ADHD increase later risk of substance use disorder? | Purgato M et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Exploring five common assumptions on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. | Batstra L et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Heavy alcohol use in early adulthood as a function of childhood ADHD: developmentally specific mediation by social impairment and delinquency. | Molina BSG et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Pearls, perils, and pitfalls in the assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents. | Obioha O et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Review: no evidence that stimulant medication for ADHD influences lifetime risk of substance use or dependence. | Poulton A | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. | Chang Z et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Stimulant medication for ADHD not associated with subsequent substance use disorders. | Riggs PD | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis. | Schoenfelder EN et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Substance use disorders in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, co-morbid mental disorders, and medication in a nationwide sample. | Steinhausen HC et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| The complicated relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. | Zulauf CA et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| The use of stimulant medications for non-core aspects of ADHD and in other disorders. | Sinita E et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. | Visser SN et al. | โ | 2014 | โ |
| Methylphenidate amplifies the potency and reinforcing effects of amphetamines by increasing dopamine transporter expression. | Calipari ES et al. | โ | 2013 | โ |
| [What happens to children and adolescents with mental disorders? Findings from long-term outcome research]. | Steinhausen HC | โ | 2013 | โ |