Describing and predicting developmental profiles of externalizing problems from childhood to adulthood.
- Authors
- Petersen, Isaac T; Bates, John E; Dodge, Kenneth A; Lansford, Jennifer E; Pettit, Gregory S
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- Development and psychopathology
- PMID
- 25166430
- DOI
- 10.1017/S0954579414000789
- PMCID
- PMC4344932
This longitudinal study considers externalizing behavior problems from ages 5 to 27 (N = 585). Externalizing problem ratings by mothers, fathers, teachers, peers, and self-report were modeled with growth curves. Risk and protective factors across many different domains and time frames were included as predictors of the trajectories. A major contribution of the study is in demonstrating how heterotypic continuity and changing measures can be handled in modeling changes in externalizing behavior over long developmental periods. On average, externalizing problems decreased from early childhood to preadolescence, increased during adolescence, and decreased from late adolescence to adulthood. There was strong nonlinear continuity in externalizing problems over time. Family process, peer process, stress, and individual characteristics predicted externalizing problems beyond the strong continuity of externalizing problems. The model accounted for 70% of the variability in the development of externalizing problems. The model's predicted values showed moderate sensitivity and specificity in prediction of arrests, illegal drug use, and drunk driving. Overall, the study showed that by using changing, developmentally relevant measures and simultaneously taking into account numerous characteristics of children and their living situations, research can model lengthy spans of development and improve predictions of the development of later, severe externalizing problems.
Prototypical quartic trajectory of externalizing problems over time by time frame (overlaid with averages of externalizing problems over time).
Random subsample of 250 individualsβ predicted quartic trajectories of externalizing problems in black. Average trajectory in gray. The subsample is depicted rather than the whole sample for the sake of graphic clarity.
Empirical ROC curve of average predicted externalizing problems from the final model predicting arrests, overlaid with ROC convex hull and cutoff values for externalizing problems at various thresholds.
Conditional inference tree predicting arrest. Boxes represent binary splits at the cutpoint (corresponding levels or percentiles are specified) that maximized the discrepancy in the two subsamplesβ risk for arrest. Ovals represent subsamples with different combinations of values on the risk factors. Black lines, boxes, and ovals represent the high risk combinations of risk for arrest (risk of arrest is greater than or equal to .54). Gray lines, boxes, and ovals represent the low risk combinations of risk for arrest (risk of arrest is less than or equal to .30).
| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| Achenbach forms local | phenotype |
| Achenbach scales local | drug |
| actuarial model local | drug |
| adolescents | cohort |
| adulthood | cohort |
| Adulthood (19-27 years) local | cohort |
| African American | cohort |
| Age 27 adults local | cohort |
| aggression | phenotype |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| Alcohol/drug problem local | phenotype |
| amount of non-maternal childcare local | phenotype |
| amount of television watched local | phenotype |
| Antisocial conduct problems local | phenotype |
| antisocial personality disorder | phenotype |
| arrest | phenotype |
| arrests | phenotype |
| Attitudes toward aggression local | phenotype |
| behavioral disorders | phenotype |
| behavior problems | phenotype |
| CAQ local | cohort |
| CBCL Externalizing subscale local | phenotype |
| Child activities local | phenotype |
| Childcare local | phenotype |
| child characteristics | phenotype |
| Child Development Project local | cohort |
| Child misbehavior local | phenotype |
| children | cohort |
| Children (age 5) local | cohort |
| Children age 5 cohort local | cohort |
| Child sex local | phenotype |
| child temperament local | phenotype |
| child to adult ratio local | phenotype |
| cigarettes | phenotype |
| clinical level of externalizing problems local | phenotype |
| cohabiting with a non-marital partner local | phenotype |
| delinquency | phenotype |
| demographics | phenotype |
| developmental profiles local | phenotype |
| developmental psychopathology | phenotype |
| Difficult temperament | phenotype |
| discipline practices local | phenotype |
| Discipline strategies local | phenotype |
| divorce in adulthood local | phenotype |
| Driving while drunk local | phenotype |
| drug | drug |
| drug dependence | phenotype |
| Drug problem local | phenotype |
| drugs | drug |
| drunk driving | phenotype |
| Earlier Adolescence (11-14 years) local | cohort |
| Early Childhood (0-5 years) local | cohort |
| educational attainment | phenotype |
| enjoyable activity time local | phenotype |
| European ancestry | cohort |
| exposure to violence local | phenotype |
| Exposure to violence local | phenotype |
| externalizing behavior | phenotype |
| externalizing behavior trajectories local | phenotype |
| externalizing disorders | phenotype |
| externalizing profiles local | phenotype |
| Externalizing profiles local | phenotype |
| families | cohort |
| Family background | phenotype |
| family conflict | phenotype |
| Family History Epidemiologic interview local | cohort |
| family process local | phenotype |
| family processes | phenotype |
| Family socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| family stress local | phenotype |
| father caregiving local | phenotype |
| fathers | cohort |
| financial instability local | phenotype |
| General externalizing behavior local | phenotype |
| genetics | phenotype |
| harsh discipline | phenotype |
| heterotypic continuity local | phenotype |
| High individual stress local | phenotype |
| Hollingshead index of SES local | phenotype |
| illegal behavior local | phenotype |
| Illegal behavior local | phenotype |
| illegal behavior outcomes local | phenotype |
| illicit drug use | phenotype |
| individual divorced spouse local | phenotype |
| individual stress local | phenotype |
| Individual stress local | phenotype |
| injecting illegal drugs local | phenotype |
| Injecting illegal drugs local | phenotype |
| intelligence | phenotype |
| internalizing disorders | phenotype |
| interparental conflict | phenotype |
| job loss | phenotype |
| language ability | phenotype |
| language expression local | phenotype |
| language mechanics local | phenotype |
| later adolescence local | cohort |
| Later adolescence local | phenotype |
| Later Adolescence (15-18 years) local | cohort |
| Later externalizing problems local | phenotype |
| Later internalizing problems local | phenotype |
| legal problems | phenotype |
| Length of unemployment local | phenotype |
| limbic system | anatomy |
| low caregiving local | phenotype |
| low caregiving father local | phenotype |
| Lower language ability local | phenotype |
| lower peer social preference local | phenotype |
| Lower peer social preference local | phenotype |
| low father caregiving local | phenotype |
| Low father caregiving local | phenotype |
| medical complications local | phenotype |
| Medical complications local | phenotype |
| Middle Childhood (6-10 years) local | cohort |
| Moffittβs subgroups local | phenotype |
| mood disorders | phenotype |
| mother rating of parental involvement local | phenotype |
| mothers | cohort |
| Name-calling local | phenotype |
| Netherlands | cohort |
| New Zealand | cohort |
| non-family child care local | phenotype |
| Non-parental childcare 1β4 years local | phenotype |
| Non-parental childcare 4β5 years local | phenotype |
| Non-parental childcare birth to 1 year local | phenotype |
| Parental adjustment local | phenotype |
| parental divorce/separation | phenotype |
| parental involvement | phenotype |
| parental involvement in earlier adolescence local | phenotype |
| parental involvement in later adolescence local | phenotype |
| parental monitoring | phenotype |
| parental monitoring in later adolescence local | phenotype |
| parental values toward aggression local | phenotype |
| parenting | phenotype |
| parents | cohort |
| Parentsβ divorce local | phenotype |
| parents divorced local | phenotype |
| Parentsβ harsh discipline local | phenotype |
| Parentsβ spanking local | phenotype |
| participants | cohort |
| peer deviance | phenotype |
| Peer influences | phenotype |
| peer process local | phenotype |
| peer processes local | phenotype |
| peers | phenotype |
| physical abuse | phenotype |
| physical harm local | phenotype |
| Physical harm local | phenotype |
| POM scores local | phenotype |
| poorer language ability local | phenotype |
| positive parenting | phenotype |
| poverty | phenotype |
| prefrontal cortex | anatomy |
| pregnancy | phenotype |
| pregnancy complications | phenotype |
| protective factors local | phenotype |
| psychopathology | phenotype |
| race/ethnicity | phenotype |
| ratio of children to adults in the home local | phenotype |
| Resistance to control local | phenotype |
| resistant to control temperament local | phenotype |
| reward sensitivity | phenotype |
| risk factor | phenotype |
| Risk profiles local | phenotype |
| self-reports local | cohort |
| SES | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| single mother local | phenotype |
| Sleep disturbance | phenotype |
| social information processing | phenotype |
| social preference | phenotype |
| socioeconomic status | phenotype |
| spanking local | phenotype |
| Spanking local | phenotype |
| stress | phenotype |
| stressful life events | phenotype |
| study cohort | cohort |
| subdimensions of externalizing problems local | phenotype |
| talk time local | phenotype |
| Target adult local | cohort |
| Target child local | cohort |
| teachers | cohort |
| Teasing others local | phenotype |
| teenage mother local | phenotype |
| Teenage pregnancy | phenotype |
| teenage pregnancy in early childhood local | phenotype |
| Television watching at age 5 local | phenotype |
| temperament | phenotype |
| Temperamental resistance to control local | phenotype |
| unadaptable temperament local | phenotype |
| Unadaptable temperament local | phenotype |
| unplanned pregnancy | phenotype |
| US children cohort local | cohort |
| violence during early childhood local | phenotype |
| Weekday television watching local | phenotype |
| Weekend television watching local | phenotype |
| youth rating of parental involvement local | phenotype |
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In this knowledge base
| Title | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|
| Intergenerational continuity in parents' and adolescents' externalizing problems: The role of life events and their interaction with GABRA2. | 2015 | 26075969 |
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