Estimating the number of persons who inject drugs in the united states by meta-analysis to calculate national rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections.
paper
Cited
Public
- Authors
- Lansky, Amy; Finlayson, Teresa; Johnson, Christopher; Holtzman, Deborah; Wejnert, Cyprian; Mitsch, Andrew; Gust, Deborah; Chen, Robert; Mizuno, Yuko; Crepaz, Nicole
- Year
- 2014
- Journal
- PloS one
- PMID
- 24840662
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0097596
- PMCID
- PMC4026524
BACKGROUND: Injection drug use provides an efficient mechanism for transmitting bloodborne viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Effective targeting of resources for prevention of HIV and HCV infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID) is based on knowledge of the population size and disparity in disease burden among PWID. This study estimated the number of PWID in the United States to calculate rates of HIV and HCV infection. METHODS: We conducted meta-analysis using data from 4 national probability surveys that measured lifetime (3 surveys) or past-year (3 surveys) injection drug use to estimate the proportion of the United States population that has injected drugs. We then applied these proportions to census data to produce population size estimates. To estimate the disease burden among PWID by calculating rates of disease we used lifetime population size estimates of PWID as denominators and estimates of HIV and HCV infection from national HIV surveillance and survey data, respectively, as numerators. We calculated rates of HIV among PWID by gender-, age-, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Lifetime PWID comprised 2.6% (95% confidence interval: 1.8%-3.3%) of the U.S. population aged 13 years or older, representing approximately 6,612,488 PWID (range: 4,583,188-8,641,788) in 2011. The population estimate of past-year PWID was 0.30% (95% confidence interval: 0.19 %-0.41%) or 774,434 PWID (range: 494,605-1,054,263). Among lifetime PWID, the 2011 HIV diagnosis rate was 55 per 100,000 PWID; the rate of persons living with a diagnosis of HIV infection in 2010 was 2,147 per 100,000 PWID; and the 2011 HCV infection rate was 43,126 per 100,000 PWID. CONCLUSION: Estimates of the number of PWID and disease rates among PWID are important for program planning and addressing health inequities.
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| Addressing the Nation's Opioid Epidemic: Lessons from an Unsanctioned Supervised Injection Site in the U.S. | Kral AH et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A model to estimate the probability of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C infection despite negative nucleic acid testing among increased-risk organ donors. | Annambhotla PD et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| A Public Health of Consequence: Review of the July 2017 Issue of AJPH. | Galea S et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Association between alcohol consumption and injection and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs in rural Puerto Rico. | Welch-Lazoritz M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among women who inject drugs in NYC: the importance of networks and syringe exchange programs for HIV prevention. | Walters SM et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| HCV screening in a cohort of HIV infected and uninfected homeless and marginally housed women in San Francisco, California. | Page K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Higher incidence of HCV in females compared to males who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Esmaeili A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Injection-Related Risk Behavior and Engagement in Outreach, Intervention and Prevention Services Across 20 US Cities. | Mackesy-Amiti ME et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States. | Hess KL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| National trends of hepatitis B and C during pregnancy across sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors, United States, 1998-2011. | Salemi JL et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Prescribing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pre-exposure Prophylaxis by HIV Medical Providers in the United States, 2013-2014. | Weiser J et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | Jordan AE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Projected demographic composition of the United States population of people living with diagnosed HIV. | Hood JE et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Racial/Ethnic Disparities at the End of an HIV Epidemic: Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2011-2015. | Des Jarlais DC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Randomized Controlled Trials of Technology-Based HIV/STI and Drug Abuse Preventive Interventions for African American and Hispanic Youth: Systematic Review. | Córdova D et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| RCT of an integrated CBT-HIV intervention on depressive symptoms and HIV risk. | Tobin K et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Sociodemographic and access-related correlates of health-care utilization among African American injection drug users: The BESURE study. | Maragh-Bass AC et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| The risk of HIV transmission at each step of the HIV care continuum among people who inject drugs: a modeling study. | Escudero DJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Trends in HIV and HCV Risk Behaviors and Prevalent Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2005-2012. | Neaigus A et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Using Network Sampling and Recruitment Data to Understand Social Structures Related to Community Health in a Population of People Who Inject Drugs in Rural Puerto Rico. | Coronado-García M et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Using technology to assess and intervene with illicit drug-using persons at risk for HIV. | Horvath KJ et al. | — | 2017 | → |
| Contextual Predictors of Injection Drug Use Among Black Adolescents and Adults in US Metropolitan Areas, 1993-2007. | Cooper HL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Cost-Effectiveness of Frequent HIV Testing of High-Risk Populations in the United States. | Hutchinson AB et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Current Rural Drug Use in the US Midwest. | Dombrowski K et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Daily alcohol use as an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs. | Young SV et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Endocarditis as a Marker for New Epidemics of Injection Drug Use. | Keeshin SW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Examining the efficacy of a computer facilitated HIV prevention tool in drug court. | Festinger DS et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| HIV Infection Care and Viral Suppression Among People Who Inject Drugs, 28 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2012-2013. | Karch DL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Improving Screening Methods for Hepatitis C Among People Who Inject Drugs: Findings from the HepTLC Initiative, 2012-2014. | Blackburn NA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| KAT2B polymorphism identified for drug abuse in African Americans with regulatory links to drug abuse pathways in human prefrontal cortex. | Johnson EO et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Low HIV testing among persons who inject drugs-National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 20 U.S. cities, 2012. | Cooley LA et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Preoperative evaluation for coronary atherosclerosis with computed tomography angiography in intravenous drug users: an emerging indication in the face of a growing threat. | Prabhakar AM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Quantifying Syringe Exchange Program Operational Space in the District of Columbia. | Allen ST et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Racialized risk environments in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States. | Cooper HL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Reimagining long-term antibiotics in persons who inject drugs: Time to shift the status quo? | Theisen-Toupal J et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Risk Environments, Race/Ethnicity, and HIV Status in a Large Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in the United States. | Cooper HL et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Risky driving and sexual behaviors as developmental outcomes of co-occurring substance use and antisocial behavior. | Luk JW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Self-Reported HIV and HCV Screening Rates and Serostatus Among Substance Abuse Treatment Patients. | Hernández D et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Impact of Enhanced Screening and Treatment on Hepatitis C in the United States. | Durham DP et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The Importance of Population Denominators for High-Impact Public Health for Marginalized Populations. | Purcell DW et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| The relationships of childhood trauma and adulthood prescription pain reliever misuse and injection drug use. | Quinn K et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Trends in HIV Infection Among Persons Who Inject Drugs: United States and Puerto Rico, 2008-2013. | Mitsch AJ et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| Trends in Injection Drug Use Among High School Students, U.S., 1995-2013. | Klevens RM et al. | — | 2016 | → |
| A Brief Screening Tool to Assess the Risk of Contracting HIV Infection Among Active Injection Drug Users. | Smith DK et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| An international perspective on using opioid substitution treatment to improve hepatitis C prevention and care for people who inject drugs: Structural barriers and public health potential. | Perlman DC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Bars and nightclubs associated with higher HIV prevalence. | Rossheim ME et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Biomedical HIV Prevention Including Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Opiate Agonist Therapy for Women Who Inject Drugs: State of Research and Future Directions. | Page K et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Can HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Infection be Eliminated Among Persons Who Inject Drugs? | Perlman DC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Drug Treatment as HIV Prevention Among Women and Girls Who Inject Drugs From a Global Perspective: Progress, Gaps, and Future Directions. | Springer SA et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Estimating the Number of Heterosexual Persons in the United States to Calculate National Rates of HIV Infection. | Lansky A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Factors associated with being asked to initiate someone into injection drug use. | Bluthenthal RN et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Factors Associated with Time Since Last HIV Test Among Persons at High Risk for HIV Infection, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006-2010. | Van Handel M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Global Epidemiology of HIV Among Women and Girls Who Use or Inject Drugs: Current Knowledge and Limitations of Existing Data. | Larney S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Hepatitis C virus and HIV infections among people who inject drugs in the Middle East and North Africa: a neglected public health burden? | Mumtaz GR et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among persons who inject drugs in New York City: 2006-2013. | Jordan AE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Novel interventions to prevent HIV and HCV among persons who inject drugs. | Coffin PO et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Population Size Estimates for Men who Have Sex with Men and Persons who Inject Drugs. | Oster AM et al. | — | 2015 | → |