Prevalence of Marijuana Use Disorders in the United States Between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013.
- Authors
- Hasin, Deborah S; Saha, Tulshi D; Kerridge, Bradley T; Goldstein, RisΓ« B; Chou, S Patricia; Zhang, Haitao; Jung, Jeesun; Pickering, Roger P; Ruan, W June; Smith, Sharon M; Huang, Boji; Grant, Bridget F
- Year
- 2015
- Journal
- JAMA psychiatry
- PMID
- 26502112
- DOI
- 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858
- PMCID
- PMC5037576
IMPORTANCE: Laws and attitudes toward marijuana in the United States are becoming more permissive but little is known about whether the prevalence rates of marijuana use and marijuana use disorders have changed in the 21st century. OBJECTIVE: To present nationally representative information on the past-year prevalence rates of marijuana use, marijuana use disorder, and marijuana use disorder among marijuana users in the US adult general population and whether this has changed between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face interviews conducted in surveys of 2 nationally representative samples of US adults: the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (data collected April 2001-April 2002; Nβ=β43,093) and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (data collected April 2012-June 2013; Nβ=β36,309). Data were analyzed March through May 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Past-year marijuana use and DSM-IV marijuana use disorder (abuse or dependence). RESULTS: The past-year prevalence of marijuana use was 4.1% (SE, 0.15) in 2001-2002 and 9.5% (SE, 0.27) in 2012-2013, a significant increase (Pβ<β.05). Significant increases were also found across demographic subgroups (sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, income, urban/rural, and region). The past-year prevalence of DSM-IV marijuana use disorder was 1.5% (0.08) in 2001-2002 and 2.9% (SE, 0.13) in 2012-2013 (Pβ<β.05). With few exceptions, increases in the prevalence of marijuana use disorder between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013 were also statistically significant (Pβ<β.05) across demographic subgroups. However, the prevalence of marijuana use disorder among marijuana users decreased significantly from 2001-2002 (35.6%; SE, 1.37) to 2012-2013 (30.6%; SE, 1.04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The prevalence of marijuana use more than doubled between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013, and there was a large increase in marijuana use disorders during that time. While not all marijuana users experience problems, nearly 3 of 10 marijuana users manifested a marijuana use disorder in 2012-2013. Because the risk for marijuana use disorder did not increase among users, the increase in prevalence of marijuana use disorder is owing to an increase in prevalence of users in the US adult population. Given changing laws and attitudes toward marijuana, a balanced presentation of the likelihood of adverse consequences of marijuana use to policy makers, professionals, and the public is needed.
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| Name | Type |
|---|---|
| 12-month marijuana disorder local | phenotype |
| 2001β2002 local | cohort |
| 2012β2013 local | cohort |
| addiction | phenotype |
| adolescent recreational marijuana use local | phenotype |
| adolescents | cohort |
| Adult General Population local | cohort |
| adult marijuana use risk local | phenotype |
| adults | cohort |
| Adults aged 45 to 64 years local | cohort |
| Adults aged 65 years and older local | cohort |
| age | phenotype |
| Age 45-64 | cohort |
| alcohol | phenotype |
| American Community Survey 2012 local | cohort |
| Asian | cohort |
| AUDADIS-5 local | drug |
| AUDADIS-IV | drug |
| Belief that marijuana use is risky local | phenotype |
| Black | phenotype |
| black participants | cohort |
| cannabis use | phenotype |
| cannabis use disorder | phenotype |
| comorbidity | phenotype |
| depression | phenotype |
| disability | phenotype |
| DSM-5 marijuana disorder criteria local | phenotype |
| DSM-IV abuse or dependence criteria local | phenotype |
| emergency department visits local | phenotype |
| Emergency department visits involving marijuana local | phenotype |
| fatal car crashes local | phenotype |
| Fatal car crashes with cannabis involvement local | phenotype |
| Hispanic | phenotype |
| Hispanic individuals | cohort |
| Income gap local | phenotype |
| Injury other than road crash local | phenotype |
| Intoxicated driving local | phenotype |
| Low income | phenotype |
| marijuana | phenotype |
| marijuana abuse | phenotype |
| marijuana dependence | phenotype |
| marijuana disorder local | phenotype |
| marijuana use diagnoses local | phenotype |
| marijuana use disorder | phenotype |
| middle-aged adults | cohort |
| Minority stress local | phenotype |
| National Survey on Drug Use and Health | cohort |
| Neighborhood disorder local | phenotype |
| NESARC | cohort |
| NESARC-III | cohort |
| nicotine | drug |
| NLAES | cohort |
| NSDUH | cohort |
| older adults | cohort |
| past-year marijuana use local | phenotype |
| Public education about marijuana risks local | phenotype |
| sex | phenotype |
| South | cohort |
| Southern US local | cohort |
| THC | drug |
| US adult civilian population local | cohort |
| US adults 1991-1992 local | cohort |
| US adults 2001-2002 local | cohort |
| US adults 2012-2013 | cohort |
| US civilian population | cohort |
| veterans | cohort |
| violence | phenotype |
| Visible drug sales local | phenotype |
| whites | cohort |
| women | cohort |
| Worse treatment outcome for trauma local | phenotype |
| young adults | cohort |
| Ξ-9-THC local | drug |
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| A Systematic Review of Marijuana Use and Outcomes in Patients with Myocardial Infarction. | Pradhan RR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Is There an Effect of Cannabis Consumption on Acute Pancreatitis? | Simons-Linares CR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Lifetime marijuana use and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. | Auer R et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Marijuana use and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort study. | Wise LA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana Use and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Functioning in Humans. | Cservenka A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana Use Associations with Pulmonary Symptoms and Function in Tobacco Smokers Enrolled in the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). | Morris MA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Marijuana use is associated with alcohol use and consequences across the first 2 years of college. | Gunn RL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Medicinal versus Recreational Cannabis Use among Returning Veterans. | Metrik J et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Negative affectivity as a mechanism underlying perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, barriers to cessation, and self-efficacy for quitting among urban cannabis users. | Manning K et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Older adults' marijuana use, injuries, and emergency department visits. | Choi NG et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Older marijuana users' marijuana risk perceptions: associations with marijuana use patterns and marijuana and other substance use disorders. | Choi NG et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Overlap of heritable influences between cannabis use disorder, frequency of use and opportunity to use cannabis: trivariate twin modelling and implications for genetic design. | Hines LA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Passing on Pot: High School Seniors' Reasons for Not Using Marijuana as Predictors of Future Use. | Martz ME et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Personality, marijuana norms, and marijuana outcomes among college students. | Pearson MR et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Pharmacokinetic Characterization of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Ξ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Urine Following Acute Oral Cannabis Ingestion in Healthy Adults. | Schlienz NJ et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Positive expectancies mediate the association between sensation seeking and marijuana outcomes in at-risk young adults: A test of the acquired preparedness model. | Curry I et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Preclinical Studies of Cannabinoid Reward, Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder, and Addiction-Related Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure. | Panlilio LV et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Prevalence and associated birth outcomes of co-use of Cannabis and tobacco cigarettes during pregnancy. | Coleman-Cowger VH et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Prevalence and Correlates of Benzodiazepine Use, Misuse, and Use Disorders Among Adults in the United States. | Blanco C et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Prevalence and motives for drugged driving among emerging adults presenting to an emergency department. | Bonar EE et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Psychoactive substance use among first-year students in a Botswana University: pattern and demographic correlates. | Olashore AA et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Psychosocial functioning among regular cannabis users with and without cannabis use disorder. | Foster KT et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) of cannabinoid replacement therapy (Nabiximols) for the management of treatment-resistant cannabis dependent patients: a study protocol. | Bhardwaj AK et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Recent cannabis use among Veterans in the United States: Results from a national sample. | Davis AK et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Regular past year cannabis use in women veterans and associations with sexual trauma. | Browne KC et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Religious Involvement and Marijuana Use for Medical and Recreational Purposes. | Burdette AM et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Rolling and scrolling: The portrayal of marijuana cigars (blunts) on YouTube. | Montgomery L et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Scientific Quality of Health-Related Articles in Specialty Cannabis and General Newspapers in San Francisco. | Halvorson RT et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| Self-medication of mood and anxiety disorders with marijuana: Higher in states with medical marijuana laws. | Sarvet AL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| Testing the Amotivational Syndrome: Marijuana Use Longitudinally Predicts Lower Self-Efficacy Even After Controlling for Demographics, Personality, and Alcohol and Cigarette Use. | Lac A et al. | β | 2018 | β |
| The Alcohol and Other Drugs Education Program for Social Work Faculty: A Model for Immersion Training. | Lundgren L et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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| The association of therapeutic versus recreational marijuana use and antiretroviral adherence among adults living with HIV in Florida. | Mannes ZL et al. | β | 2018 | β |
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