Managing incidental findings in human subjects research: analysis and recommendations.
paper
Cited
Public
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- Authors
- Wolf, Susan M; Lawrenz, Frances P; Nelson, Charles A; Kahn, Jeffrey P; Cho, Mildred K; Clayton, Ellen Wright; Fletcher, Joel G; Georgieff, Michael K; Hammerschmidt, Dale; Hudson, Kathy; Illes, Judy; Kapur, Vivek; Keane, Moira A; Koenig, Barbara A; Leroy, Bonnie S; McFarland, Elizabeth G; Paradise, Jordan; Parker, Lisa S; Terry, Sharon F; Van Ness, Brian; Wilfond, Benjamin S
- Year
- 2008
- Journal
- The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics
- PMID
- 18547191
- DOI
- 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2008.00266.x
- PMCID
- PMC2575242
No consensus yet exists on how to handle incidental findings (IFs) in human subjects research. Yet empirical studies document IFs in a wide range of research studies, where IFs are findings beyond the aims of the study that are of potential health or reproductive importance to the individual research participant. This paper reports recommendations of a two-year project group funded by NIH to study how to manage IFs in genetic and genomic research, as well as imaging research. We conclude that researchers have an obligation to address the possibility of discovering IFs in their protocol and communications with the IRB, and in their consent forms and communications with research participants. Researchers should establish a pathway for handling IFs and communicate that to the IRB and research participants. We recommend a pathway and categorize IFs into those that must be disclosed to research participants, those that may be disclosed, and those that should not be disclosed.
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Biobanking from the patient perspective. | Mitchell D et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Canadian Research Ethics Board Leadership Attitudes to the Return of Genetic Research Results to Individuals and Their Families. | Fernandez CV et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Communicating results in post-Belmont era biomonitoring studies: lessons from genetics and neuroimaging research. | Morello-Frosch R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Considering Actionability at the Participant's Research Setting Level for Anticipatable Incidental Findings from Clinical Research. | Ortiz-Osorno AB et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Disclosure of incidental findings in cancer genomic research: investigators' perceptions on obligations and barriers. | Kleiderman E et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| EngageUC: Developing an Efficient and Ethical Approach to Biobanking Research at the University of California. | Garrett SB et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Ethical Issues in Patient Safety Research: A Systematic Review of the Literature. | Whicher DM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Ethically sustainable governance in the biobanking of eggs and embryos for research. | Stroud K et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| 'Ethical responsibility' or 'a whole can of worms': differences in opinion on incidental finding review and disclosure in neuroimaging research from focus group discussions with participants, parents, IRB members, investigators, physicians and community members. | Cole C et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Ethical signposts for clinical geneticists in secondary variant and incidental finding disclosure discussions. | Christenhusz GM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Evaluating the consent preferences of UK research volunteers for genetic and clinical studies. | Kelly SE et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genetic studies of quantitative MCI and AD phenotypes in ADNI: Progress, opportunities, and plans. | Saykin AJ et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Genomics in the clinic: ethical and policy challenges in clinical next-generation sequencing programs at early adopter USA institutions. | Milner LC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Identification of Medically Actionable Secondary Findings in the 1000 Genomes. | Olfson E et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Incidental Findings with Genomic Testing: Implications for Genetic Counseling Practice. | Roche MI et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Institutional protocol to manage consanguinity detected by genetic testing in pregnancy in a minor. | Chen LP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| International Policies on Sharing Genomic Research Results with Relatives: Approaches to Balancing Privacy with Access. | Branum R et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| INTRODUCTION: Return of Research Results: What About the Family? | Wolf SM | — | 2015 | → |
| Looking for Trouble: Preventive Genomic Sequencing in the General Population and the Role of Patient Choice. | Lázaro-Muñoz G et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Management of Incidental Findings in the Era of Next-generation Sequencing. | Blackburn HL et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Managing incidental findings and disclosure of results in a paediatric research cohort - the LIFE Child Study cohort. | Quante M et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Managing the Ethical Issues of Genomic Research using Pathology Specimens. | Zeps N et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Mapping the Ethics of Translational Genomics: Situating Return of Results and Navigating the Research-Clinical Divide. | Wolf SM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: III. The 2014 Biomarker Working Group Report. | Paczesny S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Prospective analysis on brain magnetic resonance imaging in children. | Biebl A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Researchers' views on informed consent for return of secondary results in genomic research. | Appelbaum PS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Research participants in NGS studies want to know about incidental findings. | Jelsig AM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Returning a Research Participant's Genomic Results to Relatives: Analysis and Recommendations. | Wolf SM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Returning a Research Participant's Genomic Results to Relatives: Perspectives from Managers of Two Distinct Research Biobanks. | Petersen GM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Return of Genetic Research Results to Participants and Families: IRB Perspectives and Roles. | Beskow LM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Return of individual genetic results in a high-risk sample: enthusiasm and positive behavioral change. | Hartz SM et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Scientists' perspectives on consent in the context of biobanking research. | Master Z et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Seeking context for the duty to rescue: contractualism and trust in research institutions. | Meagher KM | — | 2015 | → |
| So rare we need to hunt for them: reframing the ethical debate on incidental findings. | Schuol S et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Stability of Attitudes to the Ethical Issues Raised by the Return of Incidental Genomic Research Findings in Children: A Follow-Up Study. | Fernandez CV et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Stakeholder Opinions And Ethical Perspectives Support Complete Disclosure Of Incidental Findings In MRI Research. | Phillips JP et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The cost-effectiveness of returning incidental findings from next-generation genomic sequencing. | Bennette CS et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The current impact of incidental findings found during neuroimaging on neurologists' workloads. | Booth TC et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| The ethics of HIV "cure" research: what can we learn from consent forms? | Henderson GE | — | 2015 | → |
| The new world of genomic testing, families and privacy. | Wolf SM | — | 2015 | → |
| When Should Genome Researchers Disclose Misattributed Parentage? | Mandava A et al. | — | 2015 | → |
| Whole-genome sequencing in critically ill infants and emerging ethical challenges. | Char DS | — | 2015 | → |
| A framework for analyzing the ethics of disclosing genetic research findings. | Eckstein L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Alternatives of informed consent for storage and use of human biological material for research purposes: Brazilian regulation. | Marodin G et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| An implementation framework for the feedback of individual research results and incidental findings in research. | Thorogood A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Anticipate and communicate: Ethical management of incidental and secondary findings in the clinical, research, and direct-to-consumer contexts (December 2013 report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues). | Weiner C | — | 2014 | → |
| Attitudes of parents toward the return of targeted and incidental genomic research findings in children. | Fernandez CV et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Biobank participants' preferences for disclosure of genetic research results: perspectives from the OurGenes, OurHealth, OurCommunity project. | Allen NL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Biobanks and personalized medicine. | Olson JE et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Conducting research on social media--is Facebook like the public square? | Parsi K et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Defining and managing incidental findings in genetic and genomic practice. | Shkedi-Rafid S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Developing an institutional cancer biorepository for personalized medicine. | Liu A | — | 2014 | → |
| Ethical considerations of research policy for personal genome analysis: the approach of the Genome Science Project in Japan. | Minari J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Ethical considerations regarding classroom use of personal genomic information. | Parker LS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Finding Fault? Exploring Legal Duties to Return Incidental Findings in Genomic Research. | Pike ER et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Following the giant's paces-governance issues and bioethical reflections in China. | Wang Z et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Genetic data and electronic health records: a discussion of ethical, logistical and technological considerations. | Shoenbill K et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Grappling with genomic incidental findings in the clinical realm. | Hull SC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Great expectations: autism spectrum disorder and induced pluripotent stem cell technologies. | Liu EY et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Handling incidental findings in neuroimaging research in Japan: current state of research facilities and attitudes of investigators and the general population. | Fujita M et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Incidental computer tomography radiologic findings through research participation in the North Texas Healthy Heart Study. | Espinoza A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Incidental findings from clinical genome-wide sequencing: a review. | Lohn Z et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Incidental findings on cardiac computed tomography in incident hemodialysis patients: the predictors of arrhythmic and cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease (PACE) study. | Jaar BG et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Incidental findings: the time is not yet ripe for a policy for biobanks. | Viberg J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| [Incidental radiological findings]. | Weckbach S et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Informed consent for exome sequencing research in families with genetic disease: the emerging issue of incidental findings. | Bergner AL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Informed consent for return of incidental findings in genomic research. | Appelbaum PS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Laboratory policies on reporting secondary findings in clinical whole exome sequencing: initial uptake of the ACMG's recommendations. | Hufnagel SB et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Managing clinically significant findings in research: the UK10K example. | Kaye J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Managing incidental genomic findings in clinical trials: fulfillment of the principle of justice. | Dal-Ré R et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Models of consent to return of incidental findings in genomic research. | Appelbaum PS et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Online questionnaire development: using film to engage participants and then gather attitudes towards the sharing of genomic data. | Middleton A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Parental attitudes, values, and beliefs toward the return of results from exome sequencing in children. | Sapp JC et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Patient decisions for disclosure of secondary findings among the first 200 individuals undergoing clinical diagnostic exome sequencing. | Shahmirzadi L et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| PG4KDS: a model for the clinical implementation of pre-emptive pharmacogenetics. | Hoffman JM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Practical barriers and ethical challenges in genetic data sharing. | Simpson CL et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Predictive genetic testing of a bone marrow recipient-ethical issues involving unexpected results, gender issues, test accuracy, and implications for the donor. | Sexton A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Public perceptions of presymptomatic testing for Alzheimer disease. | Caselli RJ et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Recognizing the Right Not to Know: Conceptual, Professional, and Legal Implications. | Laurie G | — | 2014 | → |
| Return of genomic results to research participants: the floor, the ceiling, and the choices in between. | Jarvik GP et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Return of results: ethical and legal distinctions between research and clinical care. | Burke W et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The challenges of genome analysis in the health care setting. | Lucassen A et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The communication of secondary variants: interviews with parents whose children have undergone array-CGH testing. | Christenhusz GM et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The First Amendment Right to Speak About the Human Genome. | Evans BJ | — | 2014 | → |
| The ophthalmic experience: unanticipated primary findings in the era of next generation sequencing. | Huang JT et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| The unintended implications of blurring the line between research and clinical care in a genomic age. | Berkman BE et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| UK funders' framework for health-related findings in research. | Farrar J et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Views of genetics health professionals on the return of genomic results. | Grove ME et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| Whole exome or genome sequencing: nurses need to prepare families for the possibilities. | Prows CA et al. | — | 2014 | → |
| A closer look at the recommended criteria for disclosing genetic results: perspectives of medical genetic specialists, genomic researchers, and institutional review board chairs. | Brandt DS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Attitudes of Canadian researchers toward the return to participants of incidental and targeted genomic findings obtained in a pediatric research setting. | Fernandez CV et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Biobanking past, present and future: responsibilities and benefits. | De Souza YG et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Biobanking: The Melding of Research with Clinical Care. | Smith ME et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Cancer patient perceptions on the ethical and legal issues related to biobanking. | Master Z et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Communication of results and disclosure of incidental findings in longitudinal paediatric research. | Anastasova V et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Design of the SHAPE-2 study: the effect of physical activity, in addition to weight loss, on biomarkers of postmenopausal breast cancer risk. | van Gemert WA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Developing a policy for paediatric biobanks: principles for good practice. | Hens K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Disclosing incidental findings in brain research: the rights of minors in decision-making. | Di Pietro NC et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Disclosure of incidental findings from next-generation sequencing in pediatric genomic research. | Abdul-Karim R et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Disclosure of individual pharmacogenomic results in research projects: when and what kind of information to return to research participants. | Korol S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Disorders of sex development: new genes, new concepts. | Ono M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Do researchers have an obligation to actively look for genetic incidental findings? | Gliwa C et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Empirical research on the ethics of genomic research. | Middleton A et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| [Ethical issues in longitudinal studies: the case of ELSA-Brasil]. | Aquino EM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Ethical, legal, and counseling challenges surrounding the return of genetic results in oncology. | Lolkema MP et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Exome sequencing: how to understand it. | Keogh MJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Experiences and attitudes of genome investigators regarding return of individual genetic test results. | Ramoni RB et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Funding considerations for the disclosure of genetic incidental findings in biobank research. | Black L et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic incidental findings: autonomy regained? | Vayena E et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetic medicine and incidental findings: it is more complicated than deciding whether to disclose or not. | Crawford G et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetics professionals' perspectives on reporting incidental findings from clinical genome-wide sequencing. | Lohn Z et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genetics specialists' perspectives on disclosure of genomic incidental findings in the clinical setting. | Downing NR et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genome sequencing: a systematic review of health economic evidence. | Frank M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Genomic sequencing for psychiatric disorders: promise and challenge. | Biesecker BB et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| How could disclosing incidental information from whole-genome sequencing affect patient behavior? | Christensen KD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental copy-number variants identified by routine genome testing in a clinical population. | Boone PM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental findings and the need for a revised informed consent process. | Kole J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging: Ethical and Medicolegal Considerations. | Leung L | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental findings in the era of whole genome sequencing? | Parens E et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental findings in the use of DNA to identify human remains: an ethical assessment. | Parker LS et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental findings in youths volunteering for brain MRI research. | Gur RE et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Incidental findings on brain MR imaging in older community-dwelling subjects are common but serious medical consequences are rare: a cohort study. | Sandeman EM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| 'Information is information': a public perspective on incidental findings in clinical and research genome-based testing. | Daack-Hirsch S et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Intentions to receive individual results from whole-genome sequencing among participants in the ClinSeq study. | Facio FM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Let us ask better questions. | Clayton EW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Managing incidental genomic findings: legal obligations of clinicians. | Clayton EW et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Maternal perspectives on the return of genetic results: context matters. | Lakes KD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Not-so-incidental findings: the ACMG recommendations on the reporting of incidental findings in clinical whole genome and whole exome sequencing. | Allyse M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Personalized genomic disease risk of volunteers. | Gonzalez-Garay ML et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Perspectives of clinical genetics professionals toward genome sequencing and incidental findings: a survey study. | Lemke AA et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Pituitary incidentalomas: application of an evidence-based approach at the individual patient and population levels. | Aron DC | — | 2013 | → |
| Point-counterpoint. Patient autonomy and incidental findings in clinical genomics. | Wolf SM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Potentially relevant incidental findings on research whole-body MRI in the general adult population: frequencies and management. | Hegenscheid K et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Progressing the utilisation of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics into clinical care. | Trent RJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Psychosocial consequences and severity of disclosed incidental findings from whole-body MRI in a general population study. | Schmidt CO et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Reflecting on earlier experiences with unsolicited findings: points to consider for next-generation sequencing and informed consent in diagnostics. | Rigter T et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Return of individual research results and incidental findings: facing the challenges of translational science. | Wolf SM | — | 2013 | → |
| Secondary variants--in defense of a more fitting term in the incidental findings debate. | Christenhusz GM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Self-guided management of exome and whole-genome sequencing results: changing the results return model. | Yu JH et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Short read (next-generation) sequencing: a tutorial with cardiomyopathy diagnostics as an exemplar. | Punetha J et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Stakeholder views on returning research results. | Haga SB et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The disclosure of incidental genomic findings: an "ethically important moment" in pediatric research and practice. | Driessnack M et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The ethics of surgically invasive neuroscience research. | Ford PJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| The responses of research participants and their next of kin to receiving feedback of genetic test results following participation in the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study. | Hallowell N et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| To tell or not to tell? A systematic review of ethical reflections on incidental findings arising in genetics contexts. | Christenhusz GM et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Two basic ethical problems of incidental findings in population-based, non-intervening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research. | Hoffmann M | — | 2013 | → |
| Update on pediatric cancer predisposition syndromes. | Schiffman JD et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Use of human specimens in research: the evolving United States regulatory, policy, and scientific landscape. | Bledsoe MJ et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Why do participants enroll in population biobank studies? A systematic literature review. | Nobile H et al. | — | 2013 | → |
| Approaches to informed consent for hypothesis-testing and hypothesis-generating clinical genomics research. | Facio FM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Are they really incidental after all? | Copperman C et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Clinical, ethical and financial implications of incidental imaging findings: experience from a phase I trial in healthy elderly volunteers. | Pinato DJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Critical social theory approach to disclosure of genomic incidental findings. | Bevan JL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Disclosing pathogenic genetic variants to research participants: quantifying an emerging ethical responsibility. | Cassa CA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Disclosure and management of research findings in stem cell research and banking: policy statement. | Isasi R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Ethical aspects of participation in the database of genotypes and phenotypes of the National Center for Biotechnology Information: the Cancer and Leukemia Group B Experience. | Peppercorn J et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Ethical dimensions of disparities in depression research and treatment in the pharmacogenomic era. | Parker LS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Ethics and neuropsychiatric genetics: a review of major issues. | Hoge SK et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Genomic medicine: what are the challenges for the National Health Service? | Skirton H et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Incidental diagnosis in healthy clinical trial subjects. | Duncan CJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Incidental findings in genetic research and clinical diagnostic tests: a systematic review. | Jackson L et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Incidental findings in neuroimaging research: a framework for anticipating the next frontier. | Scott NA et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Incidental head and neck findings on MRI in young healthy volunteers: prevalence and clinical implications. | Reneman L et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Incidental medical information in whole-exome sequencing. | Solomon BD et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Informational risk, institutional review, and autonomy in the proposed changes to the common rule. | Allyse M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Informed consent for whole genome sequencing: a qualitative analysis of participant expectations and perceptions of risks, benefits, and harms. | Tabor HK et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| International normative perspectives on the return of individual research results and incidental findings in genomic biobanks. | Zawati MH et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| IRB perspectives on the return of individual results from genomic research. | Dressler LG et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| "I want to know what's in Pandora's Box": comparing stakeholder perspectives on incidental findings in clinical whole genomic sequencing. | Townsend A et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Management of incidental findings during imaging research in "healthy" volunteers: current UK practice. | Booth TC et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Managing incidental findings and research results in genomic research involving biobanks and archived data sets. | Wolf SM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Mapping the inputs, analyses, and outputs of biobank research systems to identify sources of incidental findings and individual research results for potential return to participants. | Bemmels HR et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Offering aggregate results to participants in genomic research: opportunities and challenges. | Beskow LM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Perspectives on human microbiome research ethics. | McGuire AL et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Practical implementation issues and challenges for biobanks in the return of individual research results. | Bledsoe MJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Public preferences regarding the return of individual genetic research results: findings from a qualitative focus group study. | Bollinger JM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Recommendations for ethical approaches to genotype-driven research recruitment. | Beskow LM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Reporting actionable research results: shared secrets can save lives. | Hunter LE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Researcher and institutional review board chair perspectives on incidental findings in genomic research. | Williams JK et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Return of individual research results and incidental findings in the clinical trials cooperative group setting. | Ferriere M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Return of individual research results from genome-wide association studies: experience of the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network. | Fullerton SM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Return of research results from pharmacogenomic versus disease susceptibility studies: what's drugs got to do with it? | Dressler LG | — | 2012 | → |
| Sampling populations of humans across the world: ELSI issues. | Knoppers BM et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Secondary researchers' duties to return incidental findings and individual research results: a partial-entrustment account. | Richardson HS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Secondary variants in individuals undergoing exome sequencing: screening of 572 individuals identifies high-penetrance mutations in cancer-susceptibility genes. | Johnston JJ et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Sharing individual research results with biospecimen contributors: point. | Yassin R et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Should genetic findings from genome research be reported back to the participants? | Steinsbekk KS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Taking aims seriously: repository research and limits on the duty to return individual research findings. | Ossorio P | — | 2012 | → |
| Taxonomizing, sizing, and overcoming the incidentalome. | Kohane IS et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| Teaching health law. | Berkman BE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The legal risks of returning results of genomics research. | Clayton EW et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The LIFE child study: a life course approach to disease and health. | Quante M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| The past, present, and future of the debate over return of research results and incidental findings. | Wolf SM | — | 2012 | → |
| The Role of Law in the Debate over Return of Research Results and Incidental Findings: The Challenge of Developing Law for Translational Science. | Wolf SM | — | 2012 | → |
| The tension between data sharing and the protection of privacy in genomics research. | Kaye J | — | 2012 | → |
| Triggers for research ethics consultation. | Havard M et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| What research ethics should learn from genomics and society research: lessons from the ELSI Congress of 2011. | Henderson GE et al. | — | 2012 | → |
| A canadian perspective on ethics review and neuroimaging: tensions and solutions. | Racine E et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Advising patients about obtaining genomic profiles. | Chen DT et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A practical approach to incidental findings in neuroimaging research. | Shoemaker JM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| A system for addressing incidental findings in neuroimaging research. | Cramer SC et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Authorship policies of bioethics journals. | Resnik DB et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Bad news about bad news: the disclosure of risks to insurability in research consent processes. | Apold VS et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Biobanking in pediatrics: the human nonsubjects approach. | Brothers KB | — | 2011 | → |
| Biobanks and the return of research results: out with the old and in with the new? | Zawati MH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside. | Green ED et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Comparing different scientific approaches to personalized medicine: research ethics and privacy protection. | Langanke M et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Criteria for authorship in bioethics. | Resnik DB et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Disclosure of individual genetic data to research participants: the debate reconsidered. | Bredenoord AL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Disclosure of individualized research results: a precautionary approach. | Resnik DB | — | 2011 | → |
| Ethical issues in naturalistic versus controlled trials. | Helmchen H | — | 2011 | → |
| Exome sequencing as a tool for Mendelian disease gene discovery. | Bamshad MJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Extending the scope of diagnostic chromosome analysis: detection of single gene defects using high-resolution SNP microarrays. | Bruno DL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Feedback of individual genetic results to research participants: in favor of a qualified disclosure policy. | Bredenoord AL et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Genomics really gets personal: how exome and whole genome sequencing challenge the ethical framework of human genetics research. | Tabor HK et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Incidental findings from lung CT scans: implications for research. | Aldington S et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Incidental findings in brain MRI research: what do we owe our subjects? | Borra RJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Incidental findings in data-intensive postgenomics science and legal liability of clinician-researchers: ready for vaccinomics? | Zawati MH et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Informed consent and genomic incidental findings: IRB chair perspectives. | Simon CM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Introduction: return of research results: how should research results be handled? | Knoppers BM et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| Is informed consent broken? | Henderson GE | — | 2011 | → |
| Is multiple authorship in conceptual bioethics ethically sustainable? | Jones DG | — | 2011 | → |
| Return of research results: general principles and international perspectives. | Lévesque E et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The American College of Radiology strategy for managing incidental findings on abdominal computed tomography. | Berland LL | — | 2011 | → |
| The Bio-PIN: a concept to improve biobanking. | Nietfeld JJ et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study. | Firth HV et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| The need to downregulate: a minimal ethical framework for biobank research. | Hansson MG | — | 2011 | → |
| Using electronic health records to drive discovery in disease genomics. | Kohane IS | — | 2011 | → |
| What can exome sequencing do for you? | Majewski J et al. | — | 2011 | → |
| CLIA-tested genetic variants on commercial SNP arrays: potential for incidental findings in genome-wide association studies. | Johnson AD et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Confronting real time ethical, legal, and social issues in the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Consortium. | Clayton EW et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Consenting futures: professional views on social, clinical and ethical aspects of information feedback to embryo donors in human embryonic stem cell research. | Ehrich K et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Ethical and practical guidelines for reporting genetic research results to study participants: updated guidelines from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group. | National Heart et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Ethical implications of the use of whole genome methods in medical research. | Kaye J et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Genetic research with stored biological materials: ethics and practice. | Wolf LE et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Handling ethical, legal and social issues in birth cohort studies involving genetic research: responses from studies in six countries. | Ries NM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Incidental findings found in "healthy" volunteers during imaging performed for research: current legal and ethical implications. | Booth TC et al. | — | 2010 | → |
| Incidental findings in imaging research: evaluating incidence, benefit, and burden. | Orme NM et al. | — | 2010 | → |
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