Is the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence invariant across secular trends in smoking? A question for cross-birth cohort analysis of nicotine dependence.
- Authors
- Glasheen, Cristie; Johnson, Eric O; Saccone, Nancy L; Lutz, Sharon M; Baker, Timothy B; McNeil, Daniel W; Marazita, Mary L; Hokanson, John E; Bierut, Laura J; Hancock, Dana B
- Year
- 2018
- Journal
- Drug and alcohol dependence
- PMID
- 29438887
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.013
- PMCID
- PMC5889733
BACKGROUND: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), a derivation of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, was first published in 1991. The FTND remains one of the most widely used measures of nicotine dependence for studying genetic and epidemiological risk factors and the likelihood of smoking cessation. However, it is unclear whether secular trends in patterns of smoking alter the psychometric properties of the FTND and its interpretation. METHODS: We examined measurement invariance in the lifetime and current FTND scores across birth cohorts using participants drawn from six study samples (N = 13,775). RESULTS: We found significant (p < 0.05) measurement non-invariance in means and factor loadings of most FTND items by birth cohort, but effect sizes, ranging from r = 0.0001 to r = 0.0035, indicated that less than 0.5% of the model variance was explained by the measurement non-invariance for each factor loading. To assess its impact, we regressed the lifetime FTND latent variable on well-established factors associated with nicotine dependence (quitting smoking and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene [CHRNA5] variant rs16969968, separately), and we observed that the regression coefficients were unchanged between models with and without adjustment for measurement non-invariance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that possible FTND non-invariance that occurs across study samples of various birth years has a negligible impact on study results.
Example MIMIC Model Testing for Item-level Differences in FTND Item 5 (Smoke More Frequently During the First Hours After Waking than During the Rest of the Day) by Birth Cohort Using <1945 as the Reference Group.Note: Study sample is dummy coded into indicator variables but has been simplified in this figure for illustrative purposes.
| # | Section | Preview |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | 3. RESULTS — 3.1 Descriptive Statistics — 3.1.2 Regression Analyses | Chi-square tests for differences in quitting smoking by birth cohort indicated that those in the… |
| 21 | 3. RESULTS — 3.1 Descriptive Statistics — 3.1.2 Regression Analyses | Similar findings were observed when examining the association between rs16969968 and lifetime FTND.… |
| 22 | 4. Discussion | Measurement invariance is important when attempting to compare groups on underlying latent… |
| 23 | 4. Discussion | Our findings revealed some statistically significant non-invariance for FTND items, including CPD,… |
| 24 | 4. Discussion | This study has limitations. First, some study samples had small coverage over some birth cohorts… |
| 25 | 4. Discussion | data, there was no notable difference in fit between models that did and did not adjust for… |
| 26 | 4. Discussion | These findings build upon prior analyses across important demographic groups. Schroeder and Moolchan… |
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External
| Title | Authors | Journal | Year | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Application of the cigarette purchase tasks in achieving China' s tobacco control goals]. | Yang X et al. | — | 2024 | → |
| Expanding the genetic architecture of nicotine dependence and its shared genetics with multiple traits. | Quach BC et al. | — | 2020 | → |
| Expanding the Genetic Architecture of Nicotine Dependence and its Shared Genetics with Multiple Traits: Findings from the Nicotine Dependence GenOmics (iNDiGO) Consortium | Quach BC et al. | — | 2020 | — |
| Neurogenetic determinants and mechanisms of addiction to nicotine and smoked tobacco. | Sharp BM et al. | — | 2019 | → |