adoption studies associated_with Alcohol Use Disorder

robust evidence from ... adoption studies indicate that genetic influences also operate “beyond the skin” to shape the environment

adoption studies utilized personal interviews ... to assess AUD

Heritability in adoption studies was estimated by comparing the resemblance between biological parents and their adopted-away offspring

estimates of genetic and shared environmental variance in liability to AUD ... derived from adoption studies

We searched ... for all ... adoption studies of AUD.

based on ... five adoption studies was 0.49 (95% CI 0.47–0.54)

adoption designs ... the presumed environmental effect of living with an alcohol parent ... is not an important risk factor for alcohol dependence