nicotine associated_with alcohol dependence
Evidence from:
primary |
all sources
Evidence (3 sources)
Association of CHRNA4 polymorphisms with smoking behavior in two populations.
(2011)
PMID:21445957
cited
Most ND/FTND cases were diagnosed with alcohol dependence (AD)...
confidence: 0.92
Variants in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors alpha5 and alpha3 increase risks to nicotine dependence.
(2009)
PMID:19132693
cited
strong comorbidity between nicotine and alcohol dependence in the general population
confidence: 0.95
twin studies suggest that nicotine and alcohol dependencies share more than 60% of their genetic vulnerabilities
confidence: 0.90