socially ostracizing someone) for example [11, 12]. Furthermore, within antisocial behavior and conduct problems there is often a distinction made between aggressive and non-aggressive (i.e., rule-breaking) behaviors [6, 8, 13, 14]. Although aggression is one potential component of ASPD, we lack knowledge regarding whether the association is strong enough, and whether indirect aggression can be utilized, for ASPD prediction. With prediction comes the possibility for intervention; indeed, intervening on aggression in childhood can possibly reduce future negative outcomes [15, 16].
