While investigating antisocial behavior and conduct problems in the context of ASPD has yielded important findings, these behavior problems are already quite serious. Although aggression has been shown to predict antisocial behavior and conduct problems in the general population [7, 9, 10], the independent connection between aggression and ASPD has been less well studied. Consequently, little is known of the predictive features of different subtypes of aggression to ASPD [11]. Widespread subtyping of aggressive behavior is formulated with respect to the underlying goal and includes reactive (e.g., impulsively, defensively responding to provocation) and proactive aggression (e.g., used as an instrumental means to secure goods from others or to dominate them), or direct and indirect aggression. Reactive, proactive and direct aggressive behaviors are often better understood in the context of antisocial behavior and ASPD than indirect aggression (e.g., spreading rumors and socially ostracizing someone) for example [11, 12]. Furthermore, within antisocial behavior and conduct problems there is often a distinction made between aggressive and non-aggressive (i.e., rule-breaking) behaviors [6, 8, 13, 14]. Although aggression is one potential component of ASPD, we
