In addition to molecular and qualitative assessments of pluripotency and differentiation efficiencies, we used computational means to further validate the iPSCs and HLCs used for our study. We generated RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from iPSCs (n = 89), HLCs (n= 86), and primary human hepatocytes (n = 4). In addition, we used RNA-seq data of human whole-liver samples from GTEx (n = 96) (Aguet et al., 2016). With the use of singular value decomposition (SVD), expression levels of a panel of differentiation markers (Carcamo-Orive et al., 2016) demonstrated that our iPSCs were extremely similar to other iPSCs and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with previously published gene expression data (Choi et al., 2015) (Figure S3A). We characterized the global gene expression profiles of the iPSCs, HLCs, primary hepatocytes, and GTEx livers and in general found that the HLCs had been successfully differentiated from the iPSCs and approximated the gene expression profiles of the primary hepatocytes more closely than the profiles of the livers (Figure S3B). We specifically assessed the expression levels of six hepatocyte-specific genes in the HLCs (Figure S2B),
