By combining the genetic signal of all SNPs in a gene (while accounting for LD between SNPs), gene-based analyses can implicate genes that may go unnoticed in SNP-based analyses. Using the P-values from the GWA meta-analyses (see Methods), we conducted gene-based analyses in MAGMA23 on all 13 phenotypes. In total, 654 genes reached GWS (P < 2.73 × 10−6), of which 388 overlapped with genes implicated in SNP-based analyses (Supplementary Datas 33–46; Supplementary Figs. 18b, 22). 275 of the MAGMA genes were associated to the neuroticism sum-score, whereas 29 (LONE) to 172 (WORRY) genes (median = 96) were GWS for individual items. Of the total of 654 genes, 379 were item-specific, i.e., only reached GWS in one or more individual items, indicating genetic heterogeneity between the 12 items, and between the items and their sum (Supplementary Data 33; Supplementary Fig. 18c).
