prior mood and anxiety disorders (Kessler et al., 1997). Data on 12-month disorders from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) showed alcohol dependence was more strongly associated with GAD among men but more strongly associated with major depression among women (Alonso et al., 2004). Neither the NCS nor the ESEMeD associations were adjusted for confounding effects of sociodemographic characteristics or other comorbidity. A factor analysis of the overall dimensions of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (the latter including alcohol dependence), using a twin study design that eliminated many potential sources of confounding, found that the best fitting model reflected gender invariance in comorbidity of the two dimensions (Kramer et al., 2008).
