Several additional variables were included to adjust the association between substance use, dependence, SI and SA. These included (a) demographic factors (self-reported sex, African-American ancestry (race), Hispanic ethnicity, and age at last assessment wave (range 12 – 33 years, coded as a median split at 22 years); (b) family history of alcohol use disorder (neither parent, mother only, father only, or both parents); (c) psychiatric disorders, including those broadly defined as externalizing (meeting criteria for any one of the following: conduct, oppositional defiant, or the hyperactivity-impulsivity component of attention-deficit hyperactivity-impulsivity disorder), internalizing disorders (either panic disorder or social phobia) and MDD.
