This paper considers the ethical underpinning of responsibilities that devolve on each of the three major actors in a biobank research system to collaborate in handling IFs and IRRs. We then offer systemic analysis of how those responsibilities can best be discharged both in new biobank research systems considering these problems prospectively and in preexisting research systems. By articulating significant new responsibilities for the biobank itself, considering how all major responsibilities should be addressed within the biobank research system, and articulating 10 concrete recommendations for handling IFs and IRRs, this paper breaks new ground. In the context of 21st century genetics and genomics, with research powered by biobanks and large archived datasets, resolving how to handle incidental findings and individual research results is essential.
