Error-related negativity (ERN, or Ne) is electrophysiological index of error monitoring, or detection of the discrepancy between the desired and actually executed action. ERN is a sharp negative potential observed within 50-150 ms after incorrect responses in tasks that involve response selection or response inhibition and typically require a speeded response. ERN is followed by a slower positive potential termed Error Positivity (Pe). Correct responses in such tasks with a high level of response conflict elicit similar wave but of smaller amplitude, the “correct-related negativity” (CRN). Extant research has linked ERN to both automatic, largely pre-conscious error detection and conflict processing, while Pe has been associated with conscious awareness of the error and implementation of corrective adjustments of behavior following error detection. Converging evidence indicates that ERN is generated in the rostral part of the ACC (Debener et al., 2005). A study of 99 MZ and 151 DZ adolescent twins (Anokhin et al., 2008) has found a highly significant heritability of all three ERP components related to error monitoring: ERN (47%), CRN (60%) and Pe (52% in males, 39% in
