It is noteworthy that the significant associations found in our study remained significant even after accounting for relevant risk factors, such as parental history of AUD and other substance use problems and parental income and education indexing socioeconomic status. Moreover, these findings held after controlling for offspring personality characteristic (i.e., impulsiveness) which has been shown to robustly affect parenting and parent–child relationships (Kiff et al., 2011). Therefore, our findings align with previous work, suggesting that a positive family environment, characterized by warm parent–child relations, has the potential to counter the negative effects of parental alcohol use on offspring’s alcohol use and can greatly mitigate the genomic risk for young adult substance use and related externalizing behaviors (Brody et al., 2009; Kuendig & Kuntsche, 2006). Moreover, the consistency of our findings after controlling for parental history of AUD and other substance use problems also attests to the importance of the interplay between alcohol-specific (e.g., parental alcohol use and problems) and alcohol-nonspecific (e.g., parenting and parent–child relationships) parental behaviors and their impact on addiction problems in offspring. While it is well established
