larger P3 among male offspring. On the other hand, we found that closeness with mother was associated with less binge drinking among female offspring. There is evidence that health behaviors are highly influenced within same-sex parent–child pairs (e.g., mothers–daughters, fathers–sons; Lee & Schafer, 2021). For example, according to one social network study (Rosenquist et al., 2010), because both fathers and sons are more likely to drink alcohol and smoke than mothers and daughters, any effect fathers have on children may likely be on sons’ alcohol and substance use and mothers may have a stronger effect on daughters’ alcohol and substance use (c.f. Reczeka et al., 2017).
