Furthermore, when examining differences across offspring sex, we found that closeness with father was associated with larger P3 among male (not female) offspring and closeness with mother was associated with less binge drinking among female (not male) offspring. A plausible explanation for these intriguing findings may be the differential parenting of male and female offspring. Evidence shows that sons and daughters are raised differently and tend to be differentially affected by parenting behaviors (Van Lissa et al., 2019). Previous research suggests that father–child relationship has a major impact, especially on sons (Nelson & Coyne, 2009) and that boys may be more particularly at risk to paternal psychopathology (Ramchandani et al., 2005). Research has also shown that fathers are typically closer to sons than daughters (Mascaro et al., 2017). Perhaps, this contributes to the positive association between closeness with father and larger P3 among male offspring. On the other hand, we found that closeness with mother was associated with less binge drinking among female offspring. There is evidence that health behaviors are highly influenced within same-sex parent–child pairs (e.g., mothers–daughters, fathers–sons;
