child exploration. It predicts the existence of sex differences such that mother–child relationships are considered as supportive attachment relationships, whereas father–child relationships are considered as activation relationships. That is, mothers tend to engage more in caretaking of children, whereas fathers’ interactions with children (often with sons), involve play, recreation, goal-oriented actions and tasks (Paquette et al., 2021). Therefore, in father–child interactions children have opportunities to develop emotion regulation, inhibition, and problem-solving skills which seem to be the underlying brain processes represented by larger P3 and higher FT (Li et al., 2020).
