Stressor underloading, resulting in a lower AAS, may call for the organism's own compensation, directed either inward, as in the case of depression, especially bipolar disorder, or outward, as in risky activities. The latter naturally include behaviors restricted by the society, such as substance use and behavioral characteristics associated with the risk for addiction. This is not to say that antisocial or otherwise risky behavior has only recently appeared in the human repertoire. On the contrary—as mentioned in the case of food, what is currently viewed as a deviation could until recently have been a normative behavior with a clear instrumental value. The notion of deviation conflates a statistical term pertaining to the distance from the mean (or from a “normal” range of values, a tail of the distribution) and the attitude of the society that may or may not be based on objective and/or relevant criteria.
