In rodents, repeated restraint stress activates medical PFC microglia, an effect reversible by minocycline (Hinwood et al. 2012) (see Table II). TNF receptor (TNFR1−/− and TNFR2−/−) knockout mice are more resilient when stressed (Simen et al 2006). TNFR1−/− mice also have reduced fear conditioning, and TNFR2 null mice increase their sucrose ingestion after water deprivation stress. However, no difference has been observed between wild-type and knockout littermates on anxiety-related tests such as the open field and elevated plus maze tests (Simen et al. 2006).
