Gene‐level association statistics obtained from H‐MAGMA were used to compute rank–rank hypergeometric tests of overlap (RRHO), a threshold‐free algorithm for comparing two genomic datasets theoretically less sensitive to differences in sample size, 46 using the RRHO R package (v1.38.0). 47 Ranked gene lists for each trait ordered by corresponding H‐MAGMA z‐statistics were compared to quantify gene‐level overlap between each pair of traits, adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini and Yekutieli FDR (BY FDR). 48 Z‐scores computed from maximum BY FDR‐corrected‐log10 P‐values were used to characterise overlap. RRHO output‐identified upregulated genes for each pairwise trait comparison within each annotation set were defined as pleiotropic. 45
