During the enrollment session, participants also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS; Welsch et al., 1999), and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991). The CES-D is a 20-item self-report measure developed to assess depressive symptoms in community (nonclinical) populations. The PANAS is a 20-item scale that measures positive and negative affect over the past week. The WSWS is a self-report measure of nicotine withdrawal that consists of seven subscales: Anger, Anxiety, Concentration, Craving, Hunger, Sadness, and Sleep. The FTND is a six-item questionnaire that measures nicotine dependence by assessing various components of smoking behavior such as daily intake, difficulty in refraining from smoking, and time to first cigarette.
