This study examined whether subgroups exist in their response to a PFI, and whether different PFIs are differentially efficacious for mandated college students. We found heterogeneous subgroups with distinctively different outcome trajectories. Overall, we found that the majority of the mandated students (53.4%) improved in both HED and AP after the PFI regardless of whether they were assigned to the BMI or the WF condition. The non-improved group consisted of 46.6% of the mandated students who improved neither in HED nor AP over the long-term. This group may represent a group who have chronic drinking problems and resist changes in their drinking. However, it is noteworthy that the mandated students in the current study were relatively low-risk individuals compared to other studies that screened and selected high-risk volunteer students (e.g., Chiauzzi et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2001; Walters, Roudsari, Vader, & Harris, 2007) or other studies of mandated samples (e.g., Barnett et al., 2006) because of the study's clinical exclusion criteria. For example, many of the students in Barnett et al. had been mandated for more serious infractions than
