The genetically‐informative multigenerational COGA sample, which includes direct assessments alongside information about one's home environment while growing up, can illuminate the mechanisms through which risk for AUD and related disorders is transmitted across generations. For example, consistent with the idea of genetic nurture (a parent's genotype shapes the environment they provide for their children) that others in the field have documented, 86 , 87 , 88 we found that even the risk‐increasing alleles for alcohol problems that children did not inherit from their parents (i.e., the nontransmitted alleles) were associated with earlier age at initiation, first intoxication and a greater number of lifetime AUD criteria in offspring. 89 In another example of genetic nurture, we found that parental externalizing polygenic scores (PGS) were associated with adolescent externalizing behavior over and above the effect of offspring's own externalizing polygenic scores, and that these associations were mediated by parental externalizing psychopathology. 90
