To determine whether there is a significant effect of lifetime cocaine exposure on these associations, we compared the frequency of the minor allele of rs9298626 with DSM-5 cocaine use disorder, exposed non-dependent individuals and non-exposed individuals. Control individuals used in our initial analyses included both those who were exposed to cocaine but were unaffected (N = 393 with 0–1 DSM-5 criteria), as well as those who were never exposed (N = 1077). The minor allele frequency of rs9298626 was 9.9% among those with DSM-5 cocaine use disorder and 5.3% among subjects who have been exposed to cocaine but did not progress to cocaine use disorder. Non-exposed controls have an intermediate minor allele frequency of 7.7%, suggesting that both those with DSM-5 cocaine use disorder and those who were cocaine-exposed non-dependent controls show allele frequency differences from unselected controls (Table 2), although the difference in frequency of rs9298626 between exposed but unaffected controls and unexposed controls was not significant. When control subjects were restricted to those who had been exposed to cocaine but were unaffected (n = 899 vs. 1976), the
