The large number of genes that influence alcohol-related behaviors identified in iMOs (Tables 1 and 2) demonstrates the analytical power of flies and worms for investigating molecular–genetic mechanisms underlying nervous system responses to alcohol. This analysis provides strong support for the use of iMOs as key experimental platforms for identifying and subsequently investigating novel genes that modulate alcohol-related behavior. Importantly, our analysis also demonstrates that studies in both flies and worms have independently contributed to our understanding of genetic mechanisms that influence behavioral responses to alcohol. Several major open questions remain regarding the function of many iMO genes identified to date: (i) Which of the genes influence developmental versus adult physiological processes relevant to alcohol-related behavior? (ii) Are there interactions between the gene-driven developmental and adult physiological processes that influence alcohol-related behavior? (iii) Do subsets of genes act in an integrated fashion to influence behavioral responses to alcohol? (iv) Do the genes alter alcohol-related behavioral responses via a common set of neuronal or other cellular mechanisms? (v) What are the major areas of the nervous system in which the genes
