Nevertheless, there are some weaknesses that should be considered. Firstly, parent–child relationship is a dynamic and multidimensional construct. Future work should include other aspects, such as parental disciplining, involvement, knowledge, and parent–child communication which were not considered in this study. Moreover, the parent–child closeness scale we used consisted of only two items which may be an insufficient measure to assess the intricacies of parent–child relationships. Although we were limited by the measures available within the COGA Prospective study, it is noteworthy that this scale was derived from the HEIC (Reich et al., 1988), a semi-structured interview regarding the home and social environment which has been widely used in clinical and social psychological research with good reliability and validity. Nevertheless, future replication and causation studies should consider other scales and questionnaires with good reliability and validity, when possible, to tap into other dimensions of parent–child relationships. However, intuitively, the concept of closeness with parents may represent a comprehensive construct encompassing the cumulative influences of other parenting aspects (e.g., discipline and involvement)—a child may feel closer to a parent when a parent
