A phenome-wide scan in the UK Biobank (UKB; N > 360,000) revealed that rs3791033 has been previously implicated in smoking phenotypes (e.g., ever smoked regularly, p = 1.01E−12), other psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD (p = 2.76E−10), and educational outcomes, such as educational attainment (p = 1.01E−10). KDM4A, which is the nearest gene, has been previously implicated with similar traits across several independent GWAS studies (e.g. [27, 38, 39]; Supplementary Table 4). The other gene in this region, PTPRF, has been previously identified in studies of smoking and other substance use behaviors [18, 27, 40]; Supplementary Table 4).
