number of dependence symptoms, conduct disorder symptoms and a composite index of antisocial substance dependence, and also found evidence for linkage to the chromosome 9q34 region (LOD = 3.15) and 3q24-3q25 (LOD = 3.27) for the composite index. The site on chromosome 3q was within 30 cM of a site identified for antisocial personality disorder/conduct disorder in an American Indian community [Ehlers et al., 2008]. The site identified on chromosome 3q for cannabis craving in the UCSF family study (LOD = 4.5) was also within 30 cM of the site identified on that chromosome by Stallings et al. [2005]. Additionally, a site on chromosome 9q (LOD=3.5) for cannabis withdrawal in the UCSF family study was also within 30 cM of the site identified on that chromosome by Stallings et al. [2005]. Additionally, a site on chromosome 9q (LOD=3.5) for cannabis withdrawal in the UCSF family study was also within 30 cM of the site identified on that chromosome by Stallings et al., [2005]. Taken together these findings suggest that these sites on chromosome 3q and 9q may harbor genes that confer risk for severe phenotypes associated with drug dependence including antisocial symptoms.
