Male primate samples came from four cohorts (4, 5, 7a and 7b) of Rhesus Macaques from the Monkey Alcohol Tissue Research Resource (www.MATRR.com). Primate brain samples contained analogous brain regions as the human data, including the: (1) PFC15 (cortical area 32; GSE96731), (2) NAc core16 (GSE144783) and (3) CEA15 (GSE96732). Note the PFC and CEA primate samples were from the same study15. Monkeys were housed individually and across cohorts had an age between 4–11 years and an average weight of 9.14 kg (s.d. = 1.24). The alcohol use paradigm was described previously17. Briefly, monkeys were trained to drink a 4% alcohol solution for 4 months. After this, monkeys were permitted to self-administer alcohol for over a year with 22 h of open access to alcohol. Primate alcohol consumption in this model is comparable to human alcohol in inviduals with AUD18. Primate samples had five drinking categories: controls (alcohol naïve), low drinkers, high drinkers, binge drinkers, or very high drinkers. To reduce multiple testing, we collapsed the top drinking categories into a single alcohol group and compared this group to the
