Given the wide range of effects resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure, the term “fetal alcohol spectrum disorders” (FASD) came into use (Bertrand et al. 2005; Sokol, et al. 2003). FASD is a non-diagnostic umbrella term identifying the range of outcomes from gestational alcohol exposure. Thus, FAS, pFAS, ARND, and ARBD would all be subsumed under the FASD umbrella. Additionally, it could also include spontaneous abortion (Kline et al. 1980; Harlap and Shiono 1980), sudden infant death (Burd et al. 2004), or any other condition thought to be related to prenatal alcohol exposure.
