The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) acknowledges a wide range of estimates for FASD, but estimates from their early studies (Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002) range between 0.2 to 1.5 cases per 1000 live births. At about the same time, May and Gossage (2001) estimated the prevalence of FAS to be 0.5 to 2 cases per 1000 births. When considering the full range of prenatal alcohol effects, the estimated prevalence of FASD escalated to approximately 1 per 100 (1%) live births (Sampson et al. 1997). More recently, May et al. (2009) evaluated active case ascertainment studies with an emphasis on in-school studies and estimated that in a typical, mixed racial and mixed socioeconomic population in the U.S., the prevalence of FAS may be 2–7 per 1000. When considering FASD, they estimated the prevalence as high as 2–5% of younger school children in the US and Western Europe. The highest rates of FAS and partial FAS have been reported from South Africa where alarming rates between 68.0 and 89.2 per 1000 have been found
