ADH1B*3 has a significant protective effect on risk for alcoholism in African Americans (Edenberg et al., 2006, Gelernter et al., 2014, Walters et al., 2018), and Afro-Trinidadians (Ehlers et al., 2007), and with AD and withdrawal symptoms in Native Americans in southwest California (Wall et al., 2003, Gizer et al., 2011). It appears to be protective against fetal alcohol syndrome, likely by reducing consumption (Warren and Li, 2005, Scott and Taylor, 2007). In a GWAS of African-Americans, rs2066702 was associated with the number of DSM-IV and DSM5 criteria (p = 1.9×10−9, 1.4×10−9, respectively), among which tolerance was the strongest, and with maxdrinks (p = 6.4×10−8) (Hart et al., 2016). A meta-analysis of that sample plus samples from SAGE (Bierut et al., 2010) found strong association with alcohol dependence (OR ~ 0.7; p = 3.7×10−13), DSM-IV symptom counts (p = 6.3×10−17) (Gelernter et al., 2014), and Maxdrinks (p = 2.5×10−10) (Xu et al., 2015). The most recent meta-analysis of African Americans (n = 6280) showed association of ADH1B*3 with AD (p = 2.2×10−9) (Walters et al., 2018). Many SNPs extending across
