alcohol or drugs but had never used them themselves). Because this was a randomized study and there was no prior research to support the efficacy of written feedback alone for mandated students, the highest risk students were excluded for ethical and clinical reasons. All of these high-risk students received an in-person intervention. In addition, only first offenders were eligible for the study.3 Another 18 students (4.9%) declined to participate in the research study leaving a final sample of 348 students (see Figure 1 for participant flow). The resulting sample was 60.1% male and most students were in their first (61.6%) or second year (29.9%) of college. The sample was 79% Caucasian, 15.5% Asian American, 2.2% African American, and 3.4% of other or mixed ethnicity. Over 90% were caught violating residence life rules while in a group, and 88.6% were referred for alcohol-related violations (for greater detail on sample characteristics, see also White, Morgan, Pugh, Celinska, Labouvie, & Pandina, 2006; White et al., 2007).
