Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified 153 pathways that changed significantly as a result of adolescent ethanol binge-drinking (at FDR ≤ 0.05; Supplementary Table 2; selected subset in Table 4). Neurotransmitter pathways were significantly altered, especially the serotonin pathway (Table 4). Pathways related to cAMP and CREB signaling were also altered, along with pathways involved in axonal guidance. Inflammatory pathways and pathways related to oxidative stress, such as Hif1α and NRF2-mediated stress responses, were altered. Pathways related to neuropeptides Crh and cholecystokinin/gastrin and to several growth factors (Bmp, Igf1, Ngf, Hgf, Pedf, Fgf and Egf) were altered, as were pathways for transcription factors related to PPAR2, RAR, LXR/RXR, and TR/RXR (Table 4). Several genes were found in a large percentage of the significantly altered pathways, including Crebbp, Jun and Fos, MAP kinases, a group of protein kinase A and C genes, and two NFκB subunits (Rela and Nfkb2) (Supplementary Table 3).
