The subjective measures included the Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ), the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU), the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The DEQ was used to measure acute effects from IV nicotine and consisted of 10 items: drug strength, high, feel stimulated, good effects, bad effects, anxious, sedated, feel down, want more drug and like drug. Smokers rated each item on a visual analog (Likert) scale, from “not at all” to “extremely.” The DEQ was given at 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 15 minutes after the saline and nicotine administration. The BQSU is a 10-item scale originally developed by Tiffany and Drobes (35, 36). Smokers were asked how strongly they agreed or disagreed with items on a 7-point Likert scale. This scale has been found to be highly reliable in reflecting nicotine deprivation levels (37, 38). The MNWS measures withdrawal symptoms from tobacco and includes items to assess cigarette craving, irritability/anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, increased appetite, depressed or sad mood, and insomnia (39, 40). The PANAS is a 20-item
