Even though SI and SA were associated with increased odds of substance use and dependence, when temporality was taken into account (i.e. SI preceding substance use and dependence), prior history of SI was associated with a lower likelihood of onset of substance use (Table 5; OR = 0.61 – 0.68) and these negative associations remained significant in adjusted models, despite strong contributions of covariates such as externalizing disorders (OR = 1.33 – 1.67), MDD (OR = 0.56 – 0.61) and family history (father-only, mother-only, and both parents; OR = 1.57 – 2.21; Supplemental Table S6). When examining interactions between SI and sex and race, several additional significant findings emerged. Even though there was no main effect of SI on the onset of cannabis dependence, males with SI were more likely than females with SI to meet criteria for cannabis dependence. Likewise, despite an absence of main effects, African-Americans with SI were less likely than their European-American counterparts to meet criteria for alcohol dependence (Table 4). Also, males with SI were more likely than females with SI to meet criteria for
