Twenty-two participants with AUD and 22 healthy volunteers aged between 33 and 68 years participated in this study. The participants in the AUD group were recruited from the outpatient clinic or AA meeting in the local area. All participants in the AUD group were in the recovery or maintenance phase (at least five or more months after the detoxification phase). Healthy volunteers matched for age, education level, and smoking status, with no history of significant medical illness or psychiatric disorders, were included for comparison (Table 1).
